Philosophy Meaning Essay

PHILOSOPHY greek meaning â€Å"love of wisdom†, encompassed the love of all wisdom, but only in recent centuries came to refer to a special branch of enquiry, separate from other sciences, such as â€Å"natural philosophy†. * is universally defined as â€Å"the study of the wisdom or knowledge about the general problems, facts, and situations connected with human existence, values, reasons, and general reality. † It seeks reasons, answers, and general explanations to life and its factors. Thus, if we talk about philosophy, we talk about a school of thoughts. â€Å"philosophers† which makes a profession of studying things in their separation from human life and practice. The main branches of Philosophy are Logic, Epistemology, Metaphysics and Ethics. Western philosophy is referred to as the school of thought from Greek philosophy that influenced the greater part of Western civilization. * takes its roots from Rome and Christianity, specifically Judeo-Christianity. * Latin * Rational, Scientific, Logical schools. Western civilization is more individualistic, trying to find the meaning of life here and now with self at the center as it is already given and part of the divine. Eastern philosophy is based mainly in Asia, more specifically the Chinese philosophy. * Confucianism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Taoism. Chinese. Hinduism, Integral Yoga, Islam, Zen * Relationship with religion; Integration Search for absolute truth: * Systemic approach – all events in the universe are interconnected * Searching inside yourself – by becoming a part of the universe through meditation and right living. Eastern philosophy is drawn much more into groups or society or people’s actions and thoughts as one in order to find meaning in life as they try to get rid of the false â€Å"me† concept and find meaning in discovering the true â€Å"me† in relation to everything around them, or as part of a bigger scheme. Summary: * Western philosophy is mainly used in the Western parts of the world, such as in the European countries, while the Eastern philosophy is prevalent in Asian countries. * Both philosophies center on virtues. * West’s Individualism ( and the East’s Collectivism (A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society. People are fundamentally connected. Duty towards all others is a very important matter. Collectivism is stronger. ) * Eastern philosophy takes more of a spiritual approach while Western philosophy is more hands-on. The Ionian Philosophers * comes from Aristotle; first source to attempt systematic exposition of their doctrines. Thales * Prediction of the eclipse, and other astronomical activities. * Prediction of solstices * Mathematical discoveries (geometry ) * Cosmology * Natural phenomena – including the heavens – could be discussed as processes governed by natural laws. * Believed that the Earth was a large (? at) disk ? oating on an in? nite ocean of water, and that earthquakes resulted from disturbances in this ocean that shook and cracked the Earth. * concept of â€Å"unity underlying diversity† – some fundamental principles tying together all the multitude of things we see on Earth * water was the fundamental element from which all things were derived. Anaximander * Zoogony and anthropogony * thought the Universe formed out of an in? nite chaos he called the â€Å"boundless† due to a â€Å"separating out† of opposites (such as hot and cold, wet and dry). * ? rst recorded attempt to model the Universe. (the Earth was a cylinder and that the Sun, Moon and stars were all located on concentric cylinders, or hoops, rotating about the Earth. ) Anaximenes * one ruling material principle is air; imperceptible. * Air was the fundamental material of all things. * ? rst attempt to explain the diversity of the world with qualitative differences in terms of quantitative differences. Babylonians and Egyptians were excellent at mathematics. Greeks began to move away from their mythical view of the world and started to seek explanations of natural phenomena; later called science. * All questioned the origin of the Universe, what was here in the beginning, and what things are made from. They all believed that material substance (rather than some spiritual or supernatural substance; thus the name materialists) made up the Universe. In other words, matter is the only substance, and reality is identical with the actually occurring states of energy and matter. * ‘physicalism’. to distance oneself from what seems a historically important but no longer scientifically relevant thesis of materialism.

Water Refilling Station Business Guide Essay

One of the fast expanding business in Manila, and in most Metro cities nationwide, is the water refilling station. It’s mushrooming on every street corner, because a lot of people in urban areas prefer to get their drinking water from these water stations, it’s simply clean and safe to drink. Over the years, as the demand for cleaner water becomes higher, the price of household water purifiers and bottled water has become prohibitive. Water refilling stations managed by private entrepreneurs offer a cheaper and more convenient solution to the public’s drinking water needs than bottled water or the use of household filters. Water Refilling Station THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove its impurities. Distilled water and de-ionized water has been the most common forms of purified water. Water can also be purified by other processes like reverse osmosis, carbon filtration, microfiltration, ultra filtration, ultraviolet oxidation, electro dialysis and/or etc. Mineral water is water containing minerals or other dissolved substances that alter its taste or give it therapeutic value, generally obtained from a naturally occurring mineral spring or source. Dissolved substances in the water may include various salts and sulfur compounds. The more minerals in drinking water, the harder it is said to be; water with few minerals is described as being soft. Distilled water is water that has many of its impurities removed through distillation. Distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container. A few years ago, there were only a few water refilling plants her e in Cagayan De Oro City. Those are of which are still famous to the public like Nature Spring and Wilkins. Wilkins was one of those who didn’t do a good job on capitalizing on their market superiority. Unlike Nature Spring who seems like un-formidable in the market today holding big investments in large companies. The Cagay-anons realized  the need for this necessity, entrepreneurs invested on it seeking to get a modest share of the market and looking for different kinds of cracks and niches in the market. This was the start of a very competitive and very aggressive marketing and business war, which one could relate to it as a never ending dog battle. As more people entered the market, the more competitive it has begun. Currently, according to the only jug supplier here in Cagayan De Oro, there are already more than 100 water refilling companies here in Cagayan De Oro alone. One of the early people who ventures in this great†¦ Basic Feasibility Study A. Capital Investment 1. Water Refilling Machine – P 250,000.00 2. Renovation or new store at least 20sqm size – 75,000.00 3. Delivery vehicle (motorcycle with carrier or multi-cab) – 75,000.00 4. Business permit & other legal docs (DTI, Mayor’s permit, Water testing, etc.) – 10,000.00 5. Initial Supplies /miscellaneous – 31,750.00 a) 150 Bottles slim – 18,750.00 b) 50 Bottles round – 7,500.00 c) heat gun- 2,500.00 d) Stickers – 3,000.00 6. Others – 8,250.00 Total = P 450,000.00 Note: Actual investment may increased or decreased depends on your actual resources, example: a.) less amount for the delivery vehicle if you already have existing or you can buy 2nd unit. b.) less amount for the store building if you have existing. c.) increase or decrease amount on refilling equipment, depends on what type of water product you wants to sell ( e.g. Mineral is only P150,000.00 etc.) B. Sales Income Check market price per 5 gal. container. Price may vary depends on the area what type of water product you want to sell: Mineral Water – P20 ~ P25 per container Purified Water – P30 ~ P35 per container Alkaline Water – P45 ~ P50 per container PI Water – P200 ~ P250 per container B1. Monthly Sales – P39,000.00 1ST 2 Months: Target is at least 50 containers /day (50 containers x P30.00 selling price x 26days) B2. Monthly Expenses – P15,600.00 1. Manpower/salaries – P 500/ day or P 9,100.00 /mo. 1 driver – P200 /day 1 re-filler – P150 /day 2. Electric bill – P3,500.00 3. Phone bill – 500.00 4. Transportation / gas allowance – 1,500.00 5. Consumables and others – 1,000.00 B3. Net Profit- P23,400.00 (Gross Sales – Gross expenses = Net Profit) Note: You cannot compute your monthly sales based from your machine capacity (GPD Gallon Per Day) like other vendor’s computation, simply because you cannot sold 200 bottles a day in the first 2 months operation of your business unless you’re already operating for a year and you already established your customers in your area. Executive Summary This study covers the proposed system of Best Blue Water Refilling Station. Since the company started, the proponents noticed that the company is using manual based operation towards their inventory and point of sale. Mainly pertaining to the untimely processing of their data and information reliability which is a concern when it comes to the processing of their existing system. POS and Inventory system of Best Blue Water Refilling Station was designed by the proponents to solve some issues of day to transaction by using the old  way or the manual system. Like to avoid redundancy, damage of saved documents when some liquid spills on it, and some other problems brought by human error. It would be easy for the personnel to keep and retrieve data in times of adding some detail to the customer’s account or when needed. Manual searching and scanning of documents will no longer necessary for it will only cause delay in transaction and delay in coming in of sales every day sales. The proponents have provided tables, figures and diagram for formal understanding and proper explanation about the proposed system. It will guide the owner and the other readers about the flow of the said system. It also shows how big profit the owner would get. Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Contex The Best Blue water refilling station will experience a new way of recording their sales, easy to use and accurate. They will just encode their sales, in this way the company will improve and it will not make them spend more time in searching and recording files. The information is retrievable anytime and the owner and employees will benefit from it. 1.2 Purpose & Description The proposed system focuses on how to lessen the computing time, removethe manual process and avoid computational mistakes. Search the customer’s record by encoding the complete name (last name, first name).

Declaration of sentiments Essay

Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of sentiments for women’s rights suffrage at Wesleyan Chapel at Seneca Falls, New York, on July 19, 1848. (Scholastic) It was based on the Declaration of Independence and described the types if discrimination women faced in America. She presented at the first women’s rights convention. Other women like Lucrettia Mott helped play a major role. There was a list of issues that were â€Å"resolved† during this convention. Also, Stanton stated things such as women having to be obedient to their husbands, if married they were civilly dead in the eye of the law, and in case of separation, she loses all power goes to the man. This declaration stated that â€Å"all men and women were created equal,† and demanded that women be given â€Å"the sacred right of elective franchise.† (Womes Vote, Womens voices) Stanton not only spoke up about women’s rights, but also against slavery. She believed in equality for all of humanity. (Womens Vote, Womens Voice) The unfair treatment of women by men was one of the most important points of the Declaration of Sentiments. The demand make known by this document was the demand for women to get equal rights as men that also included suffrage. Stanton specifically and purposely listed ways some were treated unfairly. This document was written to show that women shouldn’t be treated an insignificant or unimportant part of America. They had a voice and they had something to offer. They didn’t want to be seen as property. It wasn’t until many years later when the 19th amendment for women’s right came but this was the very first time women had stood up for themselves against men and the government. Throughout the entire document, Stanton referred to our country as â€Å"He† This shows me that at that time there were no rights for women at all. She is outright holding responsible the lawmakers and leaders who were all men. The women who put this together went against what was acceptable for the time and were all very brave. Of course they were made fun of by the newspapers and were criticized for their behavior. (Women’s Rights) This kind of conduct was radical for that time. If it wasn’t for Elizabeth Stanton and the other women activist that day, who knows if women would have equality. This gave other women the courage to stand up for themselves. I am thankful for this declaration because I know that women are sometimes looked at a lesser power even today in the 2000s, I could only imagine what the women of the 1800s had to deal with. This text is still significant today because women can learn from what Stanton did and use her ways and ideas hundreds of years later. By looking back and seeing that they were able to make a change even though it seemed impossible is very liberating. The document is both socially and historically important because of how effectively it represents the women’s rights struggle of the nineteenth and later centuries and because of what the document and societies reaction to it tells historians about this period in American history. The documents format and wording, in many places word for word, are the same as what was used in the Declaration of Independence which is one of the nation’s most respected documents. By mimicking the struggle of America’s founders and the women’s rights movement the document uses the most extremely held beliefs of the American people as its base. This makes the document dramatic, unforgettable, and powerful. It is compared to the declaration of independence many times, proving that women’s suffrage is an imperative matter. The words are strong and open the eyes of Americans that women shouldn’t be treated any less. Works Cited â€Å"Elizabeth Cady Stanton: The â€Å"Voice† of Women’s Rights.† Washington State Historical Society. N.p.. Web. â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Seneca Falls.† Scholastic. N.p., 9 May 2005. Web. . â€Å"A â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† is Drafted.† Women’s Rights. N.p.. Web. .

Admission Essay for Business School Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Admission for Business School - Essay Example I have chosen this Business School because it is a unique institution which provides students with practical skills so important in modern business. I find that Bentley has a unique leadership focus which allows to them to prepare really good managers (and all successful businesses have them) capable of having, or recognizing, good ideas and using them to make things happen in a new way: of translating ideas into useful, practicable and commercial products, services or systems. Modern business cannot exist without innovation and Bentley integrates new approaches of business into its curriculum. At Bentley, innovation draws together new ideas and their implementation, whereas creativity is the having of new ideas which, in an organization, are generated or spotted by individuals or teams. I am opining to enter Bentley because it encourages creativity in people (including oneself) by exploring some of the qualities and characteristics of creative thinkers and the activities/steps that can be undertaken to improve the processes involved. In innovation it must be remembered that creative thinking makes it possible and teamwork makes it happen. I am eager to improve my leadership skills and become an expert in this field. I see training and education as the main methods to improve myself and increase productivity. A number of those whose fundamental interests are in leadership effectiveness and training feel that progress would be facilitated by greater attention to underlying specific behavioral processes. I suppose that modern organizations need to go beyond traditional task and socio-emotional categories of behavior; this should be in the direction of identifying the basic building blocks of interactions. I am a hard-working student who spends much time working on my personal development and self-improvements. For a long period of time, I like basketball and travel: baseball

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher Assignment

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher - Assignment Example A few days after the completion of the reservoir, water from the same flooded into Person Y’s land despite there being no unusual rainfall or flooding. The case went through various stages of the court system and ended up before the Court of Appeal, being the Exchequer Chamber of six judges, in 1866. There Justice Colin Blackburn stated the following which has now come to be referred to as â€Å"Justice Blackburn’s rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher†. "The true rule of law is, that the person who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape. He can excuse himself by showing that the escape was owing to the Plaintiff’s default; or perhaps, that the escape was the consequence of vis major or the act of God; but as nothing of this sort exists here, it is unnecessary to inquire what excuse would be sufficient." It should be noted that Justice Blackburn’s rule was accepted with a slight modification by the House of Lords. The House of Lords imposed a restriction on the rule by stating that it is applicable to "nonnatural" use of the defendants land, as distinguished from "any purpose for which it might in the ordinary course of the enjoyment of land be used." A creditor can institute an action in the county court for the amount due to him by the debtor. If the amount is paid the debtor can avoid the judgment being given against him. A claim form is sent by the creditor to the debtor stating the claim that he has against him. If the debtor pays the debt in full along with interest and court fees, a CCJ is not issued and a court hearing avoided. On the other hand, if he wishes to pay later or in installments the debtor should fill in the form stating how he wishes to pay the debt – a CCJ will, however, be issued in this instance.

Intervention for People with Learning Disability Essay

Intervention for People with Learning Disability - Essay Example People with learning disabilities are twice likely to have health problems, relative to other people, yet recent reports have indicated that people with learning disabilities manifest higher levels of unmet needs and usually receive less effective treatment despite legislation demanding equal treatment. Research studies have explored five broad classes of determinants of health inequalities that a majority of people with learning disabilities, in principle, encounter possibly open to intervention: heightened risk of exposure to social determinant of health; heightened risk linked to particular genetic and biological causes of learning disabilities; communication difficulties and minimized health â€Å"literacy†; personal health risks and behaviours; and, deficiencies in access to and the quality of health provision (Silver 2005, p.4). The existing patterns of healthcare provision are inadequate, inequitable and likely to be in contravention of legal requirements as per the Dis ability Discrimination Acts of 1995 and 2005. Individuals with learning disabilities, especially with less learning disabilities are highly probable to be exposed to social determinants such as poor housing conditions, poverty, overt discrimination, unemployment, and social disconnectedness. Research studies have demonstrated that individuals from minority ethnic communities face even larger health inequalities, compared to people with individuals coming from major ethnic communities. The limited communication skills may also minimize their capacity to convey identified health needs effectively to others (Mitchell 2004, p.201). Individuals with learning disabilities experience a lack of knowledge and choice regarding health... This essay approves that individuals with learning disabilities, especially with less learning disabilities are highly probable to be exposed to social determinants such as poor housing conditions, poverty, overt discrimination, unemployment, and social disconnectedness. Research studies have demonstrated that individuals from minority ethnic communities face even larger health inequalities, compared to people with individuals coming from major ethnic communities. The limited communication skills may also minimize their capacity to convey identified health needs effectively to others. This report makes a conclusion that the nursing assessment, coupled with the identification of an individual’s health needs is usually a complex and multidimensional process. It is essential to give people options, instead of making demands as this can allow clients to make choices that influence their own lives and environment, which in turn, can play a big role in making a difference to the quality of life and behaviour. Individuals with learning disabilities can be regarded as one of the most vulnerable groups in society. People with learning disabilities are at risk of abuse and neglect by both institutions and individuals. Studies indicate that individuals with learning disabilities manifest greater healthcare needs, relative to the general population, and most of these needs are unmet. Majority of people with learning disabilities manifest complex needs that can include sensory and/or physical impairments, challenging behaviour, and mental health needs, which require the nurse to be capable to avail a skilled assessment, intervention and care planning.

Some people read these stories as literature. Some people read these Essay

Some people read these stories as literature. Some people read these stories as Jewish literature. Whats the difference - Essay Example In her book, Elisa Albert makes it clear that she is an aspiring writer writing on Jewish themes, which is how she described herself after being asked by agents (179). This instantly creates a picture of a Jewish-themed literature being read by the reader. Her later references to women attending shiva, which is a Jewish period of mourning, establishes her essentially Jewish subject matter of her books. Even Roth makes several references to Jewish concepts and terms which conjure up an image of a perceived Jewish novel (139). In the chapter, The Conversion of the Jews, the Jewish and the Christian contradictions in the status of Jesus is highlighted when Ozzie points out that Jesus was not God (Roth, 140). So, at several points in the two books, the readers are reminded of the Jewish essence in the themes. Albert particularly points out her identity as an aspiring writer that too, essentially a Jewish writer writing on Jewish American novels centering her attention at women. This demonstrates the inseparable nature of her Jewish literary identity with her writing career. The references to Judaism are plenty and it is evident that Albert considers her style of writing as essentially Jewish. However, apart from the Jewish theme, Roth does not talk about his writings as a Jewish author although his work reflects a marked tinge of Judaism. Albert talks about her debut novel to Roth highlighting its great ideas. Albert can be observed to be speaking with great enthusiasm about her debut novel which supposedly has great ideas but which ironically is still finding a home. It is amusing to see how Albert’s â€Å"great† novel has yet to be published (179). Also, her concept of â€Å"Great American Jewish Novel† ironically presents a satirical account of women in the light of Jewish traditional contexts. Although Albert would openly embrace the fact that she is a Jewish literature

Islam and Conventional Economic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islam and Conventional Economic Systems - Essay Example Contrary to the conventional system, the Islamic system is based on the belief that God gives the man the power as a trustee for the needy. They allow legal ownership of property on condition of sharing with the society. Sectors of production and trade in this system are under public ownership. Customers under the Islamic system are entitled to public ownership of property. Under the conventional system, economic freedom is a dominant feature. Individuals do not meddle with the state in executing their freedom. The system allows the participation of individuals in the initiation and establishment of businesses, and professions. It allows for salary remunerations and free-will expenditure. Furthermore, it permits unrestricted economic freedom. The freedom, however, encourages exorbitant ways of generating cash such as illegal trafficking and gambling. It also encourages malpractices such as fraud, smuggling, and adulteration in business. The system allows for wealth competition and th e necessity to realize high profits. Unlike the conventional system, the Islam economic system allows limited economic freedom to individuals to earn wealth. The system differentiates between haram and halal as pertains wealth acquisition. Halal is an activity that is in line with the law while haram is activities forbidden under set regulations. The economic system forbids expenditure on luxurious lifestyles, spending extravagantly. The system encourages the wealthy to spend on the poor and the needy as a good gesture.

Summarize 3 economic articles Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summarize 3 economic articles - Article Example The researchers aim at showing that quality changes do not result in immediate demand response in regulated industries. This phenomenon has been attributed to imperfect information and sticky behavior among consumers due to familiar or personal habits. These sluggish behaviors imply that it would take some time before full realization of potential demand. To prove this hypothesis, the researchers conduct an analysis using a quantitative Hotelling framework in a market that has two exogenously located providers with horizontally and vertically differentiated products. The researchers also use a differential-game approach in providing open-loop and feedback solutions. Indeed, the findings defy the static relationship indicating that an elastic relationship exists between quality and demand, instead indicating a negative relationship between quality and potential demand due to decrease in marginal profit gain in quality. Firms should therefore adopt long term investment plans and provid e lower monetary incentives to attain first-best quality status as opposed to making quality changes at each point of product development. The researchers’ choice of regulated industries, specifically education and health sectors of the economy has been informed by the fact that these have quality as major drivers of competitive demand. This article sheds light in the wake of rankings of institutions where even with improved competition on quality, demand would not respond. The paper fails to give any future indications of increased demand due to improved quality. Li, W, Mengistae, T & Xu, LC 2011, ‘Diagnosing development bottlenecks: China and India’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 722 – 752. This article appreciates that in 1980, both China and India were at par economically, being the world’s most populous countries and very poor. India ranked better in its income per capita with its citizens earning averagely $2 .38 per day which was about $1 more than what an average Chinese earned. While India undertook economic liberalization until 1991, China gradually adopted economic reforms. By 2000, China had its daily income per capita averaging at $7.30 while that of India averaged $4.71. The researchers in this article seek to demystify the factors that led to performance gap between these two countries. Being an analysis of only two countries, the researchers used firm-level data to examine cross-sectional and temporal variations linking firm productivity, an important contributor to income per capita, to business environment at city level such as access to finance, regulation burden, labor regulation, infrastructure and skills. The firm-level data was collected from the 2003 World Bank Investment Climate Surveys covering 2,400 Chinese enterprises from 18 cities distributes across 15 provinces and 1,860 Indian manufacturing establishments from 40 industrial cities. The findings show that firms i n China are generally larger by size, value or number of employees, employ more skilled labor and have more flexible labor markets. The poor infrastructure that India has compared to China makes it significantly lag behind economically. However, Indian firms have better access to short-term bank financing though this factor minimally affects productivity in both countries. The uncertainty in regulation is also lower in India. The researchers recommend that India relaxes its labor market regulations, invest in infrastructure and

Business Ethics and Virtue Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics and Virtue Ethics - Case Study Example The core of virtue ethics is perfecting attributes such as integrity that makes the individual truly ethical (Crisp 87). Virtue ethics requires the existence of a society that supports and nurtures these virtues. Virtue ethics also requires identification of role models in the society or the moral exemplars that disseminate morality or act of benchmarks of moral character in the society. A virtuous individual will try to emulate the moral exemplars in the community (Mizzoni 105). Virtues develop through continuous learning and practice in ethical decision making. According to Aristotle, a person will improve his integrity and character through repeated self-discipline (Crisp 92). Business ethics entails the principles and standards that shape behavior in the business world. Management roles and especially leadership requires an individual to exercise high ethical standards in making decisions ((Hursthouse 36). For instance, the human resource manager should not disclose employee priv ate information like disease history (Hursthouse 29). Managers face many instances of conflict of interest in day to day running of the business. The management is supposed to make ethical decisions that cater for the welfare of all employees. Most business transactions involve elements of trust, fairness and self-control (Hursthouse 63). Virtue ethics can be applied in business ethics to reduce the instances of corruption and fraud. For instance, a virtuous employee who value trustworthy will consider it wrong to receive kickbacks from a supplier of the organization. Other employees will such employee ethical, but they will also consider the society expectations on such behavior. Unethical behavior results to lost business revenues and high costs of operation thus adversely affecting the profitability and return to the stakeholders. Virtuous salespersons will advise the customer on the health risks associated with the product before closing the sale (Darwall 82). Virtues like trust will eliminate the agency costs associated with monitoring contracts and agreements with stakeholders. Empathy will help the business in identifying and meeting customer needs since economic success depends on courteous treatment of the customers (Statman 45). Honesty is a human characteristic that defines a virtuous person. Honest agents will tell the truth and make true promises (Dobson 1). An honest person can easily be trusted by others since he never lie, steal or cheat. Virtue ethics assert that if children are directed to be honest, they must also be taught the prize of truth. Fairness is another ethical virtue that guides ethical decision making. Fairness entails compliance with the accepted standards of conduct and making decisions without discrimination (Darwall 37). According to Fairness approach by Aristotle, favoritism will benefit a section of the society without any justifiable reason (Dobson 3). Another ethical virtue that individuals try to nurture is justice. Aqui nas has defined justice as the consistent will to render everyone his due. Justice entails doing what is right; therefore, the moral agent has an obligation to render justice and respect the other people in the society. Commutative justice serves equality in the society by restitution (Hursthouse 66). For instance, employees should be compensated according to the efforts and time invested in their work. Deceiving customers on quality of goods and demanding a higher price

The Development and Use of the Six Markets Model Essay Example for Free

The Development and Use of the Six Markets Model Essay Introduction The idea that business organisations have a range of stakeholders other than shareholders is obvious. Yet stakeholder theory has not guided mainstream marketing practice to any great extent (Polonsky, 1995). To use the theory/practice distinction provided by Argyris and Schon (1978), it is a theory espoused rather more than a theory practiced in action. Research by Freeman and Reed (1983) traced the origins of the stakeholder concept to the Stanford Research Institute. They suggest a SRI internal document of 1963 is the earliest example of the term’s usage. This document included customers, shareowners, employees, suppliers, lenders and society in its list of stakeholders. The stakeholder concept has attracted considerable interest in the strategic management literature, especially since the publication of an influential text (Freeman, 1984) that contained a deceptively simple but broad definition of stakeholders (p. 46), namely: â€Å". . . all of those groups and individuals that can affect, or are affected by, the accomplishment of organizational purpose†. An important dialogue on stakeholder theory has emerged over the past decade, especially in articles and contributions to the Academy of Management Review, starting with a critique from Donaldson and Preston (1995) that argued that three associated strands of theory might converge within a justifiable stakeholder theory, namely descriptive accuracy, instrumental power and normative validity. Stakeholder theory is clearly an important issue in strategy (e.g. Carroll, 1989; Donaldson and Preston, 1995; Harrison and St John, 1996; Useem, 1996; Campbell, 1997; Harrison and Freeman, 1999). However, within the strategy field there is not a great deal of agreement on the scope of stakeholder theory (Harrison and Freeman, 1999). In particular, there is still a debate regarding which constituent groups an organisation should consider as stakeholders. For example, Argenti (1997) suggested an infinite number of potential groups while Freeman (1984) has argued that there is excessive breadth in identification of stakeholders. Recently Polonsky et al. (2003) concluded that there are â€Å"no universally accepted definitions of stakeholder theory or even what constitutes a  stakeholder† (p. 351). However, they see two rival perspectives: one where stakeholder intent means â€Å"improving corporate performance†, and another where it means â€Å"maximising social welfare and minimising the level of harm produced within the exchange process† (p. 351). While these aims may never be entirely reconciled in practice (Gioia, 1999), the dominant assumption that the pursuit of â€Å"profit† is for the shareholders effectively denies legitimacy to other claims to the meaning of profit as a â€Å"shared benefit†, or as aâ€Å"shared good† (Smithee and Lee, 2004). Relationship-based approaches to marketing offer a reformist stakeholder agenda with an emphasis on stakeholder collaboration beyond the immediacy of market transactions. According to different authors, this involves creating exchanges of mutually beneficial value (Christopher et al., 2002), interactions within networks of relationships (Gummesson, 1999), or mutual commitment and trust that may or may not be achievable (Morgan and Hunt, 1994). Relating is connecting, and at its simplest level, a relationship is a state of being connected. A critical question arises: â€Å"With whom are you connected, and why?†. These questions require judgments about particular relationships – and strategic value choices. This article explores the development, extension and use of the â€Å"six markets† stakeholder model (Christopher et al., 1991) and proposes a framework for analyzing stakeholder relationships and planning stakeholder strategy. The article is structured as follows. First, we review the role of stakeholders in relationship marketing. Second, we discuss the development and refinement of the six markets model, and describe how the model has been operationalised and refined as a result of testing and experience in use with managers. Next, we discuss the development of a stakeholder relationship planning model that enables strategies to be developed for each stakeholder group. Finally, we discuss the managerial and research issues associated with stakeholder theory in marketing and review some future research opportunities. Our objective is to explain how a conceptual stakeholder model has practical application in marketing management and in this way make a contribution  towards eliminating the current gap between stakeholder theories and marketing practice. Relationship marketing and the role of stakeholders Marketing interest in relationship based strategic approaches has increased strongly over the last decade in line with expanding global markets, the ongoing deregulation of many industries and the application of new information and communication technologies. Notwithstanding, practitioners and academics alike can overlook the fact that business and industrial relationships are of many kinds (Wilkinson and Young, 1994), and that an understanding of the value generating processes is required (Anderson and Narus, 1999; Donaldson and O’Toole, 2002; Gro ¨nroos, 1997; Payne and Holt, 1999; Ravald and Gro ¨nroos, 1996; Tzokas and Saren, 1999; Wilson and Jantrania, 1994). Understanding the role of long-term relationships with both customer and other stakeholder groups has been largely neglected in the mainstream marketing literature but is acknowledged in the relationship marketing literature (e.g. Gro ¨nroos, 1994; Gummesson, 1995; Hennig-Thurau and Hansen, 2000; Ha °kansson, 1982; Mo ¨ller, 1992, 1994; Parvatiyar and Sheth, 1997; Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995). Kotler (1992) has on occasion called for a broadening of marketing interests to take into account the relationships between an organisation and its publics. However, it is the relationship marketing literature in particular that has stressed the importance of stakeholder relationships (e.g. Christopher et al., 1991; Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Doyle, 1995; Gummesson, 1995; Buttle, 1999). Gummesson (2002b) has provided a comparison of four of the better known approaches to classifying multiple stakeholders, including Christopher et al. (1991), Kotler (1992),Morgan and Hunt (1994), and also Gummesson (1994). While the first three of these models are concerned with the relationships that an organisation has with its more traditional stakeholders, the approach of Gummesson (1994) goes beyond the focus of this article in that it includes criminal network relationships, para-social relationships and supranational mega-alliances. The Christopher et al. (1991) framework has six stakeholder market domains, each of which comprises a number of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"sub-markets†, while that of Kotler (1992) identifies ten specific constituents. Morgan and Hunt (1994) suggest ten relationship exchanges with four partnership groups. Other models include the SCOPE model (Buttle, 1999) and a framework by Doyle (1995). The conceptual model and the related planning framework described in this article are the result of recursive research and development over a number of years. Our initial conceptual work on the model was later supplemented with learning from field-based interactions with marketing managers and other executives in order to further refine it and to develop the conceptual planning framework reported here. This follows what Gummesson (2002a) terms â€Å"interactive research†. This research approach emphasizes that interaction and communication play a crucial part in research and that testing concepts, ideas and results through interaction with different target groups is an integral part of the theory development and indeed the whole research process (Gummesson, 2002a, pp. 344-6). Managers’ observations and suggestions were found to be invaluable in developing and refining the model, supporting Gioia and Pitre’s (1990) proposals that multiple perspectives yield a more comprehensive view of organizational phenomena and where assumptions about the processes under enquiry can be modified by further consultation with informants. Research objectives and approach The objective of the research was to develop and refine the six markets model through testing its applicability in a wide range of organisational contexts. More specifically, we wished to develop a categorization scheme that enabled key constituent stakeholder groups within each market domain to be identified and classified and to develop a stakeholder planning framework. This was motivated, in part, by managers in these companies who expressed the need for both a classification scheme and a planning framework. We have utilized a range of approaches over a number of years in our research to test and refine the six markets model and the planning framework and to  gain field-based insights, including: 1) Piloting and testing the six markets model with an initial group of 15 UKorganisations. The organisations in this sample were drawn from a range of sectors including manufacturing (two), financial services including banking and insurance (six), other services including retailing (six), professional services (two) and one not-for-profit industry association (the Royal Aeronautical Society). All were very large firms within their sector with the exception of the two professional services firms and the not-for-profit organization. 2) Using the model in substantive case studies on UK organisations in the following sectors: retailing (two), manufacturing (two), a global airline and a major conservation charity. 3) Using the framework as a planning tool in a two major international banks (one a l arge British commercial and retail bank, the other a large French investment bank), chosen as they had challenging and complex stakeholder issues across many countries. A total of eight workshops was used to analyse stakeholder markets in four countries for the first bank and six workshops in three countries for the second bank. 4) Working on projects with over 80 further organisations to evolve and test the planning framework. This involved working with groups of mid-career managers in the UK and Australia. Given the predominantly service-based economies of the developed countries in which this research was undertaken, those organisations that were selected included a high proportion from the services sector. While the earlier research primarily included large organizations in their sectors, this work also included a selection of medium-sized and smaller organisations. Overall, 65 per cent of the organisations were from the services sector, 20 per cent from manufacturing and 15 per cent from the not-for-profit sector. A wide diversity of organisations was used, including financial services companies, retailing and other services, manufacturing companies, a mobile telephony company, a major hotel chain, an insurance broker, a consulting firm, an airport authority, a university, a conference centre, a holiday company, a foreign languages teaching institute and a hospice. Our shared learning approach also draws on action research concepts suggested by Rapoport (1970) which aim at contributing to the practical concerns of people in a challenging situation – such as stakeholder management – and to  the goals of research by collaboration within a mutually acceptable framework. The revised six markets model (Christopher et al., 2002) is shown in Figure 1. The intent behind the model is to emphasise relationships between the organisation and all its stakeholder constituents in each of six â€Å"markets†. The key assumption is that organisations can only optimise relationships with customers if they understand and manage relationships with other relevant stakeholders. This model addresses the concern raised by Dill (1975) that some groups or parties may be involved in multiple role relationships. Any one constituent group, firm or individual may be classified within one or more of these market domains. For example, customers may play a role within the customer market (where the interaction is between a firm and its customers) and in the referral market (where the interaction is between an existing customer and a prospective customer). The six markets model provides a structure for managers in organisations to undertake a diagnostic review of the key market domains and stakeholders that may be important to them. As a result of this diagnosis, they will be able to identify a number of key constituents within the market domains that are strategically critical, or where unexpected opportunities emerge. Using and testing the model These six key market domains represent groups that can have a significant impact on an organisation’s marketplace effectiveness. Each â€Å"market† is made up of a number key groups, segments, or participants. To test the applicability of the model we followed four steps: (1) identify key participants, or segments, within each of the market domains; (2) review expectations and needs of key participants; (3) review current and proposed level of emphasis in each market; and (4) formulate an appropriate relationship strategy. In this section we consider the first two steps. We worked with groups of  managers to address these steps. Typically, the group comprised three to six mid-career managers from a range of functional backgrounds. The process started with the examination and analysis of each market domain to identify the key groups of participants or market segments within each of them. We explored the expectations and needs of each of the identified stakeholder groups through a combination of approaches, including interviews and questionnaires and a review of key issues with senior management. In applying the revised six markets model above we found all stakeholders we identified could be conveniently categorised into one of the six market domains. Initially the identification of the constituent groups within each market domain, for a given organization, was approached on a case-by-case basis. However, as our experience in using the model grew, the need for a more specific categorisation became apparent. This was prompted, in part, by research such as Lovelock’s (1995) work on classifying supplementary services. Developing and refining categorisation schemes for stakeholders was important because, as Emshoff and Freeman (1979) have noted, functionally based organizations typically place too much resource emphasis on highly visible stakeholders such as their customers, and too little emphasis on other special interest groups whose management falls outside specific functional boundaries. Identification of all relevant stakeholder groups should enhance their visibility and lead to their greater prominence within the organization – thus the company is more likely address them as part of an integrated stakeholder strat egy. Through the work in the companies referred to above, a categorisation scheme was developed and refined over time that assisted the identification of typical groups within each market domain. In summary, this categorisation of market domains identified the following constituents: 1) Customer markets are made up of buyers (e.g. a wholesaler), intermediaries and final consumers. Each intermediary or member of the supply chain can then be further sub-divided according to the most relevant segmentation approach. 2) Referral markets comprise two main categories – customer and non-customer referral sources. The customer category includes advocacy referrals (or  advocate-initiated customer referrals) and customer-base development (or company-initiated customer referrals). The wide range of non-customer referrals are divided into general referrals, reciprocal referrals, incentive-based referrals and staff referrals. 3) Supplier and alliance markets – suppliers provide physical resources to the business and can be classified into strategic suppliers, key suppliers, approved suppliers and nominated suppliers. Alliance partners supply competencies and capabilities that are typically knowledge-based rather than product-based, and Sheth’s (1994) classification of alliance, partnering transaction and co-operative relationships is especially useful here. 4) Influence markets have the most diverse range of constituent groups, including financial and investor groups, unions, industry bodies, regulatory bodies, business press and media, user and evaluator groups, environmental groups, political and government agencies, and competitors. 5) Recruitment markets comprise all potential employees together with the third parties that serve as access channels. They can be segmented by function, job role, geography and level of seniority. Channels include executive search companies, employment agencies, job centres, off-line and on-line advertising, and using an organisation’s own staff to suggest potential applicants. 6) Internal markets follow the segmentation used for potential employees in the recruitment market, i.e. by function, job role, geography and level of seniority. Special emphasis needs to be placed on behavioural characteristics for customer-facing employees. From this testing of the six market categories, we concluded that they are a workable reference frame to consider a broader range of constituent stakeholders, whether individuals, groups, or others whose interests have relevance to the enterprise. Further development of the model Having identified relevant stakeholders, the third step outlined above involved a review of the current and proposed level of emphasis on each market domain. Not all stakeholder markets require the same degree of attention and emphasis, and Gummesson (1994) has argued that managers need  to prioritise and establish the appropriate mix of relationships needed for the company’s success. To identify the present level of emphasis and the future desired emphasis on each of the market domains and their constituent parts, we developed a stakeholder network map (Payne, 1995). This was used to identify an organisation’s present emphasis on each market, the desired emphasis at a future point in time, and the gap between these two positions. This network map configures each of the major market domains, including customer markets (which are sub-divided into existing and new customers), on a series of axes and enables a group of managers within a firm to make an assessment as to the current and desired levels of emphasis on each market domain by means of a jury of executive opinion – usually developed from inputs from one or more groups of senior managers within the organisation being examined. Although this work resulted in some initial variation of views amongst managers regarding present and desired emphasis, as a result of more detailed discussion the outcome was generally a strong degree of consensus amongst these managers. The stakeholder network map has seven axes – two for customers (existing and new) and one for each of the other five relationship markets discussed earlier. The scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high) reflects the degree of emphasis (costs and effects) placed on each relationship market. The division of customers into â€Å"new† and â€Å"existing† reflects the two critical tasks within the customer domain, those of customer attraction and customer retention. Figure 2 shows a network map for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), a major British conservation charity. It shows the current emphasis (at the time of analysis) and the proposed new emphasis. At this point in time the RSPB might have considered a number of issues, such as: 1) placing greater attention on retaining existing members; 2) a reinforcement of customer care and service quality issues with internal staff; and 3) a stronger focus on influence markets (Payne, 2000). The analysis shown in Figure 2 represents the first level of diagnostic  review of the overall emphasis at the market domain level, in order to make an initial judgement as to the existing and desired relevant emphasis. A second level of analysis explores each market domain in much greater detail and enables analysis at the sub-segment or group level within the domains. For example, in the analysis of the referral market for a major international accounting firm we identified present and future desired emphasis on a number of groups within the referral market domain, including their clients, banks, joint venture candidates, their international practice and their audit practice. We have used the stakeholder network mapping technique in our research with many organisations. Although simple in concept, it has proved a robust means of considering the network of stakeholder relationships that organisations need to address. The diagrammatic representation has been especially useful in helping executives visualise the importance of various stakeholders. Further, the time dimension for the proposed relationship strategy, usually within a two- to three-year planning horizon, has been useful in determining the changes required in stakeholder emphasis. This addresses the concern of Dill (1975) regarding the need to take the time dimension into account.

Morality of Abortion Essay Example for Free

Morality of Abortion Essay Introduction In this paper, I will argue that abortion is morally acceptable in certain situations. In defending this argument I will include the reason behind my decision, and I will provide an alternate example using the same general principle. After explaining my principle I will give clarity to two arguments that may be presented by others. Finally, I will conclude by describing any changes that I have made to my general principle. II. Argument 1.) If a person is in a situation in which she can prevent an individual from living a life of pain and suffering, then it is morally acceptable for her to do so. 2. ) In cases in which a mother is in a situation in which she can prevent her unborn child from living a life of pain and suffering, by having an abortion 3. ) Therefore, in this cases it is morally acceptable for a mother to have an abortion. III. Explanation Rule one states â€Å"an argument is good for you if and only if all of the premises are reasonable for you to believe. † For this rule I will use a similar situation with the same general principle. If Allison is a situation in which her favorite dog severely breaks his leg and can not be repaired, then it is morally acceptable for her to euthanize the dog. In this example it is morally acceptable to euthanize the dog because the dog will not be able to walk again and will suffer because it will not be able to move. Therefore, if a person is in a situation in which she can prevent an individual from living a life of pain and suffering, then it is morally acceptable for her to do so. The second and third premise state that (1) In a case where a mother is in a situation in which she can prevent her unborn child from living a life of pain and suffering, by having an abortion (2) Therefore, it is morally acceptable for a mother to have an abortion. In explaining my argument I will give an example that supports the second and third premise. If a mother is in a situation in which she becomes aware that her unborn child has an extremely painful and incurable disease called Epidermolysis Bullosa, EB. This disease causes skin to blister on the slightest touch. many infants that are born with this disease are are con? ned to wearing bandages at all times and can not even with stand their own parents touching them. In this case then it is ok for that mother to have an abortion. This act is ok because if the child is born with a disease that is incurable and painful then that child will be in will suffer for their whole lifetime and in many cases live a very short life. Therefore if a mother is in a situation in which she is able to prevent her unborn child from living a life of pain and suffering then it is morally acceptable for her to have an abortion. Rule two states that the argument must have a pattern such that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must follow. 1. ) If P, then Q 2. ) P 3. ) Therefore, Q 1. ) If P (a person is in a situation in which she can prevent an individual from living a life of pain and suffering), then Q (it is morally acceptable for her to do so. ) 2. ) P (In a case where a mother is in a situation in which she can prevent her unborn child from living a life of pain and suffering, by having an abortion), 3.) Therefore, Q (in some cases it is morally acceptable for a mother to have an abortion. ) IV. Objection An objection that may arise from premise one is that if a person is in a situation in which they sacri? ce their own life to prevent pain and suffering of another individual, then it is not morally acceptable for them to do so. An example of this is if Peter is in a situation in which he can take the place of a person in solitary con? nement, which causes psychological pain and suffering, it is not morally acceptable for him to do so. It is not morally acceptable because although the individual is suffering they knowingly participated in the act that resulted in the pain and suffering. This example expresses a violation of rule two because the argument does not follow a pattern in which the conclusion follows. Another objection that may arise from premise one is if a mother is in a situation in which she can violate the right to life of another person, the fetus, and the fetus is not threatening the mothers life, then it is morally wrong for the mother to violate the fetus’ right to life. My response to this argument is that although the mother’s life is not in danger by having the fetus, after the fetus is born they will live a short and extremely difficult life. This example is a violation of rule two because the premises are not reasonable to believe. V. Conclusion When thinking about the situation previously stated in the paper, I thought about the many options that could be presented when confronted with information, such as the fetus has an incurable and highly painful disease. By weighing the pros and cons of each principle I was able to construct my principle that was stated above. While writing this paper I have changed my general principle by adding the word â€Å"suffering. † By adding this one word I believe that it changes the argument by including another aspect that can make a life unbearable. When ? rst thinking about the reasoning behind my paper I thought about all view points that I could take, but I was able to stay true to my original belief of pro-choice by creating an argument that supports one aspect of the abortion debate.

Basic Laboratory Techniques Dilutions

Basic Laboratory Techniques Dilutions Dilution is a process of making a weaker or a less concentrated solution. Substances which are highly concentrated can be problematic to carry out tests. For instance, when a blood sample is placed on a slide it would be difficult to count cells due to overlapping. As a result dilutions are carried out so that the cells will be more spread. Moreover a large amount of reagent would be needed to react with a highly concentrated substance. This is inadequate since large amounts of reagent would be wasted. In addition it is impractical to use large volumes of substances example buffers. Generally a concentrated form is present and then the necessary dilutions are made for different tests. A manual of how the dilutions are made is typically present with the reagent. Adequate apparatus must be used for dilutions. Basically, there are two types of dilutions. One, where the final specific concentration only is significant and the other where both the final volume and concentration are significant. Dilution symbols are significant. 1/10 refers to 1ml sample with 9mls diluents for a total volume of 10mls. This is the same as 1+9. 1:10 refers to 1ml sample with 10mls diluents for a total volume of 11mls. This is the same as 1+10. Serial dilution is a method used to dilute a substance into solution stepwise with a constant dilution factor in each step. The dilution factor is the volume of stock / total volume. The first step in making a serial dilution is to take a known volume (example 1ml) of stock i.e. the original sample and place it into a known volume of water (example 9ml). This produces 10ml of dilute solution. The dilute solution has 1ml of original sample / 10ml. The technique used to make a single dilution is repeated using the previous dilute solution. At each step, 1ml of the previous dilution is added to 9ml of distilled water. This is repeated sequentially until the required dilution is achieved. The volumes of substances used vary accordingly. During dilutions it is essential to pipette the larger volume first and then the smaller volume. Diagram of how serial dilutions are made: Rule : Original concentration = New concentration Dilution factor Since the dilution-fold is the same in each step, the dilutions are a geometric series i.e a constant ratio. Example: 1/3, 1/9, 1/27, 1/81. Each dilution is a three-fold. A two-fold and a five-fold also exist where it is multiplied by 1/2 and 1/5 respectively. Serial dilutions are principal for several situations. In the lab there are a number of volumetric flasks however there is not a lot of 1000ml flasks. Hence serial dilutions are the only way to get the desired concentration. Serial dilutions are essentially used for calibration curves to ensure the accuracy of the measurements. This is useful since if a minor mistake is done, it is not noticed since the mistake will be repeated in all the dilutions and as a result there will be no effect. Furthermore serial dilutions are used for antibody titres. A test can be quantitative example the concentration of glucose in blood is 6 or qualitative if the test is positive or negative example when testing for the human immunodeficiency virus if it is present in the blood sample, the result is either positive or negative. However there is another test known as the semi-quantitative test where the result is neither numerical nor positive or negative. When serial dilutions are carried out, the resu lt can be that the antibody titre is positive up to 1/320. It shows that the patient is immune up to a certain limit. This is often used to monitor treatment. Six test-tubes were placed in a rack. To the first tube 500Â µl of water were added. To each of the remaining tubes 100Â µl of water were added. 20Â µl of solution B were added were transferred to tube 1 and mixed well. 100Â µl of tube one were transferred to tube 2 and mixed well. 100Â µl of the contents of tube 2 were transferred to tube 3, and the procedure was repeated for the remaining tubes. The dilution of the serum in tube 6 is 1/832 since the dilution of tube 1 is 20/520 = 1/26. The dilutions are 2-fold. As a result 1/26 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/832

Free Essays - William Gibsons Neuromancer :: Neuromancer Essays

Neuromancer Neuromancer revolutionized the way people look at technology. Many people were scared of "cyberspace". They felt it would change the way the world was run. Some even thought that meals would begin to be served in pill form, and the world be ruled by darn dirty primates. Throughout Neuromancer we see a very vivid dystopia. We see our first sign of the dystopia in chapter one. It begins with Case, whose name fits him very appropriately. He treats his body as an object. He uses it just to log onto cyberspace. Case has been injected with a poison that keeps him from surfing through cyberspace. This has created a dystopia within Case. He used to make his living through cyberspace. He now injects himself with drugs in an attempt to try and find a cure. Another way we see the dystopia through Case is the room he lives in. They are called coffins, which is a very appropriate name. These rooms are extremely small. Another sign of dystopia is when Case goes to Japan in hopes of finding a cure on Japan's black market. They have a big supplier of organs there. This demonstrates the struggle in Japan. In Case's time there is such a high demand for organs that they will sell them illegally over the black market. The black market most of the time represents the scum of society. There crime runs rampant. People will get killed for their organs, just so someone can make a few extra dollars. The next sign of this book being a dystopia is Ratz. He is supposed to represent the experiments that society is playing on the people. His body is composed of mostly artificial goods. Gibson named him Ratz too, because he represents the "lab rat" of the book. He is supposed to represent what society will do to you if you give in to it. He has no control over what he has become, just like the little "lab rat". Another sign of dystopia is the way the computers have changed everything. The computers run people's lives in Neuromancer. It seems no matter where Case goes there is always someone watching him. Wintermute has the phones ring one time when Case walks by. This demonstrates the power that the Ai's have in Neuromancer. The artificial intelligence is another example of the dystopia in Neuromancer.

Representation of Women in Men Should Weep by Ena Lamont Stewart and Perfect Days by Liz Lochead :: Weep Stewart Perfect Lochead Essays

Representation of Women in "Men Should Weep" by Ena Lamont Stewart and "Perfect Days" by Liz Lochead Both plays portray women as very independent people. In â€Å"Men Should Weep†, Maggie is the main female character. She is a housewife living in a male dominated society. The main theme of the play is her journey form oppressed housewife to self-empowered women. Whereas in â€Å"Perfect Days† Barbs the main female character is an extremely independent woman from the start and has worked hard to earn herself her own hairdressers. Maggie’s husband John is a very self-centred character; he doesn’t have a job or any notion to ever help around the house. Yet he thinks that is perfectly acceptable. Due to the way society was in that day and age then it said that once a woman wedded they automatically became their husband’s property. This meant that they had no choice but to obey their husbands every demand. What they said went. â€Å"I’d an idea a wis heid o this hoose† This demonstrates that even though John doesn’t contribute to the family he still feels he is superior to them all. Maggie takes this though she doesn’t argue with him as she believes that he is head of the household and she constantly stands up for him. Lily, Maggie’s independent single sister is very much against men she thinks ‘there aw dirty beasts’. As she argues with Maggie about John but Maggie straight away stands up for her husband. â€Å"You leave John alane! He does his best for us† Even though Maggie knows John doesn’t do anything for her and her children she still stands strongly by her husband as that was the right thing to do. Not only does Maggie have her husband to run around after her and look after her, but she also has five children. â€Å"If you’ve got wee ans, you’ve got tae put up wi the fella that gie’d ya them† The women in the play are constantly making excuses for the men and their behaviour. Maggie is particularly bad at doing this. This is a prime example of this behaviour as Mrs Bone her neighbour gets domestically abused and this is Maggie’s attempt to offer her support. As the play progresses Maggie gradually starts to see sense and comes to realise how weak men really are. â€Å"They canna staun up tae things like a wummen† This shows female strength and is the start of a major turning point for Maggie as she becomes more and more disenchanted with her life. Jenny, Maggie’s eldest daughter runs of at the beginning of the play but returns at the end with money and the opportunity for Maggie and

Defining Good Usage Essay -- Business Writing Essays

Defining Good Usage There are thousands of pieces of advice about writing out there. Every English text book discusses it. Every person knows the rules to good writing by heart. In fact it is next to impossible to separate what we have been told from our own beliefs. Beliefs themselves are formed by what you are taught, yet they still allow you the freedom to do as you choose. This just does not seem to hold true. When good writing is taught to be the rule not something to be interpreted by the student. Enough about beliefs and teachings. Define good usage, if that's what good writing requires. Is it using the largest, most difficult, word you can in your writing? Is it diction, connotation, denotation, sentence structure, or just simple tone? The fact is any one or all of these may be true. When you are writing a research paper for instance , you would use larger words than you would, say, in a letter to a friend. In business letters you would use more technical language, than either of these other two. Yet, the rules get mixed around in all these cases too. If good usage is set mostly by what type of writing you're doing then perhaps the it can only be defined through these. However in order to do this you have to be able to define which types of writing fall into which category or are they all different not to mention that every thing you could study at a University falls into a different pattern of writing, and even this does not really make it any easier to define. All right, in order to understand this maybe what you shouldn't do has to be defined first. That should be easy. When you write well you use the most appropriate words possible in a given situation and to express just the right feeling. But, does ... ...oblems what I mean when I call this person "Babe" I may be telling my friend and him that he is really good looking, or reminds me of the little talking pig. I also could mean, as has happened in letters I've received, that I don't know him very well and therefore I can't remember his name so I took to calling him "Babe", anything is possible. Now the "Babe" example is very basic but it proves that not only can the author have many meanings for what they are writing but so too can the reader. This does not have to happen with just one or two words it could happen with whole paragraphs or entire papers. Even this one. I have told you what good use is, but, can you tell me without a doubt that you have gotten exactly what I wanted out of this? Makes you wonder, huh? What is the real meaning here and can you really get it? If you could then would my usage be good?

Material Requirements Planning (Mrp)

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) An overview of MRP Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a software based production planning and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Although it is not common nowadays, it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well. Is a computer based information system that translates the finished product requirements of the master schedule into time- phased requirements for subassemblies, component parts and raw materials, working backward from the due date using lead times and other information to determine when and how much to order.Material requirements planning is as much a philosophy as it is a technique, and as much approach to scheduling as it to inventory control. MRP begin with a schedule for finished goods that is converted into a schedule of requirements for the subassemblies, components parts, and raw materials is needed to produce the finished items in the specified time frame. Thus, MRP is designed to answer three q uestions: what is needed? How much is needed? and When is needed?Manufacturing industries must follow planning processes for every product, from its developmental stage to initial production and to final product. To outline each part of production planning, businesses use computer-based information tools such as material requirements planning, or MRP, and manufacturing resource planning, or MRP I. They function as integrated manufacturing control and activity systems MRP inputs An MRP system has three major sources of information: a master schedule, a bill of materials file, and an inventory records file.A master schedule is also referred to as master production schedule, states which ends items are to be produced when they are needed, and in what quantities. Then, a bills of materials(BOM) contains a listing of all the assemblies, parts, and raw materials that are needed to produce one unit of a finished product. Thus each finished product has its own bill of materials. And lastly, inventory records refers to stored information on the status of each items by time period, called time buckets. This include gross requirements, scheduled receipts, and expected amount on hand.It also include other details for each items, such as supplier, lead time, and lot size policy. MRP Systems MRP systems use production stage charts, materials requirement planning and master production schedules to outline the process of creating final products. It outlines the time needed during each production stage, status of outstanding orders and inventory needs for the initial process. It determines the time required for each production stage and demand for the final product. MRP1 Systems MRPII adds data resources to the original MRP manufacturing information systems.MRPII incorporates plan activities–such as a detailed production schedule and financial needs, inventory management, demand planning, shop-floor control and performance measurements–into manufacturing groups, such as the car industry and Marine Corps logistics. MRP and MRPI Integration MRP and MRPI systems are normally integrated into other production systems, such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), but are still found separately today due to computer prices. The system a company uses depends on requirements.Just In Time (JIT) inventory strategy will sometimes supersede MRP during repetitive manufacturing processes, since receiving the raw materials during production cuts down on warehouse space and costs. For pharmaceutical and defense manufacturing industries, which use non repetitive production processes, the MRP system is still preferred. Project Benefits MRP allows for organization of the process as a project instead of continuous operation. The project engineer can produce a project master document with such information as division into units, date of the plan and name of the project. A project team is formed.The name of the team, role of the team and role of any team member or employee using MRP will be defined. Activities in the project can be linked through the use of planning, control of activities and co-ordination. MRP can be used to compute the earliest and latest possible start date for each activity of the project. MRP utilizes reject codes to assure consistent product quality by identifying units out of compliance. MRP further assures quality by using quality assurance methods to monitor line production. Rejected lots of product are tracked by operation work centers. Rejection of materials is tracked by vendor.Guidelines are developed for inspection of finished products as well as at pre-determined points in the manufacturing process. Outgoing goods' quality control and quality certifications are utilized. The benefits of the implementation of MRP versus of the cost of the system are considerations for companies examining this method. Lower end estimates for the cost of such a system are approximately $93,000 for a small company to $1,633,000 fo r the largest companies. However, the implementation approach, management support and degree of computerization have been found to be more important in achieving benefits than the cost of the system.The size of the company and the nature of the process or product appear to have little effect upon success. MRP will plan production so that the right materials are at the right place at the right time. MRP determines the latest possible time to product goods, buy materials and add manufacturing value. Proper Material Requirements Planning can keep cash in the firm and still fulfill all production demands. It is the single most powerful tool in guiding inventory planning, purchase management and production control. MRP is easy to operate and adds dramatically to profits.

Enron: the Smartest Guys in the Room

In the movie Jeff Skilling suggest that money is the only thing that motivates people, and I agree with him. Money might not directly motivate everybody but it plays a part in everybody’s motivation. Money is the reason people stay in school longer than required, the reason people work, and the reason why people get out of bed in the morning. It motivates people to work harder and longer. People want a house, car, clothes, and food, which you need money in order to purchase. Money motivates people, which motivate a company, which motivates another company to bring in more money than their competitor. This cycles is what builds our economy, and by building our economy we boost our country and by doing so we start competitions with other countries. And these cycles prove that money is what motivates people, cities, states, and countries. What happened at Enron was both morally and legally wrong. They not only committed fraud but they drained thousands of people’s retirement funds. I don’t think one person is to blame for the whole scandal at Enron. I do think that Ken Lay, founder, chairman, and CEO of Enron, had a major part that led to the bankruptcy. When Enron stock reached $90 he told them that the price would keep climbing and that everybody should be investing in Enron, but Ken had started to sell his stocks because he knew that the stock was going to drop. When he found out that Enron was in financial difficulty he should have tried to figure out ways to fix it instead of trying to save his money and properties. He was selfish and immoral and he played a very big part in the bankruptcy on Enron. Auditors also played a part in Enron’s Bankruptcy. Within days of Enron's bankruptcy, revelations about the company's finances showed that Arthur Andersen, the accounting company hired to audit Enron's books, had kept quiet about Enron's shaky condition. At the same time it was handling Enron's audits, Andersen was being paid millions of dollars by Enron as a consultant on new business. When the bankruptcy hit, Andersen employees, and their counterparts at Enron, began shredding documents to keep them from falling into the hands of federal investigators. Bethany McLean believed that the Enron scandal was a true human tragedy that merely involved greedy men, I agree with her statement. I think the top people working at Enron started out wanting to make a profit but as time when on and they started fudging little things here and there they realized that they could make an even bigger profit, and nobody noticed there little changes. This is what I think turned them into the greedy men that destroyed thousands of people’s jobs and money. I also believe that another company like Enron is right around the corner, but it will be harder to catch on to what they are doing because they can reference what worked and what didn’t work for Enron making them smarter in how they are going to turn a bigger profit. The Enron fiasco is a lesson that our country learned the hard way about how easily the truth can be hidden but it also taught is to question when something seems too good to be true.

Was government and economy of Tsarist Russia transformed in the years between 1881 and 1914?

There were many changes made to the government and economy of Tsarist Russia between 1881 and 1914, however fundamentally I do not think either were completely transformed as the country was still under almost complete control of the Tsar and the majority of people had a very limited political voice, and also the economy remained a major issue with few problems solved. Considering that in 1881 Russia was incredibly underdeveloped and mainly based on agriculture, there were many changes made.The first finance minister of Alexander’s reign was Nikolai Bunge and he introduced laws which reduced the tax burden on peasants in 1882, and also established the Peasant Land Bank offering loans to peasants to help increase their holdings and increase productivity. The â€Å"Great Spurt† under Witte between 1892 and 1903 was a period of great economic transformation. Much emphasis was placed on the production of capital goods like iron and steel, coal and machinery. Also, much inve stment was made from abroad mainly France, Britain and Belgium: within Russia the peasantry was also further taxed to pay for this.The result of this was incredibly dramatic. Over half of the industrial workforce was employed in factories with more than a thousand workers by 1900 as industrial growth was concentrated in industrial areas like Moscow and Ukraine. The population also rose dramatically due to this rapid industrialization for example the population of St Petersburg doubled between 1890 and 1940 from 1 to 2 million. The completion of the Trans-Siberian also meant that influence in the East was increased and the economic potential of Siberia was opened up.In some respects Stolypin was an economic reformer, as he wanted to create a prosperous peasant class to be loyal to the Tsar. In November 1906 he passed a law that freed peasants from the commune and later redemption payments were abolished. This had been a huge weight on the peasants since 1861 and could be argued to be a transformation in the countryside. Agriculture production rose from 45. 9 million tonnes in 1906 to 7 million in 1913. The October Manifesto is arguably a huge political transformation because reforms were promised like an elected national Parliament, freedom of speech, religion and civil rights.The Dumas that came out of the October Manifesto had some successes for example: the replacement of Land Captains by justices of the peace, making the judicial system fairer. It could also be argued that there was political transformation because by 1914 political parties had been established legally and the Duma allowed political debate of elected representative. Now, due to a relaxation of censorship, radicals had the opportunity to influence public opinion: something that had previously been much harder.However, the leaders of the country themselves were incredibly against political transformation: Alexander III was repressive and incredibly against political reform, partly due to his father’s assassination by the radical group the People’s Will, and also due to his own conservative views. This meant that he made sure to do as little as possible to transform the government politically during his reign. When coming to power Alexander almost immediately published his manifesto declaring absolute political power to the Tsar and to create the Statute of State Security to try government opponents without the need for a jury.These courts stayed in existence up until 1917. Press freedom at this point was also severely restricted and fourteen major newspapers were banned between 1882 and 1889 for displaying â€Å"liberal† tendencies. Foreign books and newspapers were also censored by the secret police (the Okhrana) to prevent ideas like democracy and parliamentary government from reaching the Russian people. Land captains were also introduced in 1890 to undermine the Zemstvas created by the more liberal Tsar before Alexander, and in order to increase the political power of the landed classes doctors and schoolteachers for example could not be part of the Zemstva.These repressive policies had huge long term effects and the secret police remained for the entirety of Alexander III’s reign. It also clearly shows Alexander’s conservative mentality and his attempt to undermine any transformation politically Nicholas II who succeeded Alexander III was also incredibly conservative and saw the plea of the zemstva for greater political responsibility as â€Å"senseless dreams†. We can also say that obviously not enough was done to transform Russia politically as radicals overthrew Nicholas in 1917. The 1905 revolution could be argued as showing very little change because of theunrest caused by the lack of political reformation and political voice of the people. The country still had no democratically elected national assembly of any kind. It could also be argued that little had changed in 1905 because the amred force s did remain loyal to the Tsar and were incredibly important in the dispersion of the rebels. The October Manifesto, despite seeming like a huge political transformation, the Fundamental Law of 1906 which became the constitution of the Russian epire actually gabe the right o the Tsar to gvern by decree and ignore the new elected body.He also retained the right to select his own government and so he retained much of his political power Also, the Tsar could dissolve the new parliaments at any time, and the first was dissolved after only 73 days showing that despite their existence, the Dumas hadn’t changed much because the Tsar still had political control. The first Duma passed only two resolutions despite making 391 requests against what it saw as illegal government action: the Tsar had ensured no definitive action would be taken against him.The only Duma lasting its full term only did so because it was weighted so heavily in favor the Tsar that demand for reform was low and t he Duma was unrepresentative of the population, so that though it lasted a long time it didn’t transform the country politically. Stolypin is another example where politically there was no transformation, even after the 1905 revolution. He used traditional and ruthless methods, distributing 1144 death sentences between October 1906 and May 1907. Six hundred trade unions and a thousand newspapers were also forced to close.This directly goes against promises made in the October Manifesto showing the lack of transformation caused by it. Economically, despite attempts at reform throughout this time period, Russia remained backward and inefficient. Agriculture remained backward, despite attempts at reform by Vyshnegradsky, the demand for land stayed high and lead to the catastrophic famine of 1891, showing that not enough was done to prevent it; there had been no great transformation. Also, by 1914 90% of peasants were still strip farming and only 1/5 of of the peasants had even l eft the Mir, showing the failure to move peasants out and increase productivity.Russia was also still behind the other great powers of Europe (UK, USA, Germany). In conclusion, I think that there were many reforms made to both the economy and the government, and that both were definitely somewhat transformed because industry was modernized and Russia did have a kind of national elected body for the first time in its history. However, these were not huge transformations because these reforms did not fundamentally change Russia at all: the Tsar still had supreme authority over ruling, and Russia was still a backward economy based mainly on agriculture.

What Was Life Like for People Living in Nazi Germany?

What was life like for people living in Nazi Germany? In Nazi Germany life for the Germans was terrible. You had to know who you could trust, as trusting the wrong person may cause you to loose your life. The Nazis and mainly Hitler really disliked Jews and anyone else that was not their perfect ‘Aryan'. Hitler and the Nazis came up with the Nazi Racial Policy, in 1933 to try and persuade Jews to emigrate there was the Boycott of Jewish shops.Shop windows got Jewish symbols painted on them, members of the SA would stand outside to threaten shoppers and anyone who did go in the shops would have their name put on a list so the Nazis would know who was using the Jewish shops. Jews were banned from all state jobs such as civil servants, teachers, journalists, lawyers and even radio announcers. Jewish and non-Jewish children were not allowed to play together. All of this made life hard and not pleasant for the Jews, this is what Hitler wanted so that Jews would leave his beloved Ger many.The Nuremburg Laws was an important part to the way that Jews ran their life during Nazi Germany, the Nuremburg Laws consisted of things such as; Jews could not marry or have sex with non-Jews, all Jews lost German Citizenship; Jews were not allowed to own radios, typewriters or bicycles; Jews were not allowed to own their own buisnesses and were banned from going places such as the cinema, theatres or concert halls. They were not allowed to buy newspapers or magazines, nor were they allowed to attend school or college.Male Jews were forced to add the name ‘Israel' and female Jews the name ‘Sarah', to their first names. These Nuremburg Laws restricted what Jews were allowed to do, a lot. Homosexuals were effected by the Nazis as well, they were seen as not fitting into ‘normal' families, they were savagely persecuted. About 15,000 were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Many were used in medical experiments or they were castrated. Himmler was shocked to discover several homosexuals in the SS, they were sent to concentation camps and shot ‘whilst trying to escape'.Political opponents were ‘undesirable' to the Nazis because they were seen as a threat who shouldnt be here, habitual criminals were also ‘undesirable' because they were seen as a burden and socially useless. In the Nazis eyes Jehovahs witness's were ‘undesirable' because their beliefs were different to the Nazis. Gypsy's and Jews were also seen as ‘undesirable' as they did not fit the Nazis ‘Aryans' (blonde hair, blue eyes etc) Anyone who had more than one grandparent who themself was Jewish ou too were considered Jewish. This made life very restricted, if you were ‘undesirable' then you were sent to a concentration camp, for anyone who was lucky enough not to be sent there but to be able to live in their home but by the Nazis rules. There was lots of violence in the streets and so much fear in the air. People were dragged out of their homes and taken away violently. Many people were beaten and sometimes killed in the streets.This was a terrible ordeal for people living in Nazi Germany, even if you were not the ones being beaten, seeing your friends and neighbors being beaten would be torrible. Over 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis during Hitlers years in power. In conclusion life was terrible for people living in Nazi Germany, after Kristallnacht in November 1938 Jews were treated terribly and many were killed. Nazi Germany was a very dark time for the civilians. This was Hitlers aim; to make life hell for Jews and any ‘undesirables'.

Advertising Is a Wasteful Expenditure or an Investment

Many a times, we as consumers remember the setting of the ad but forget the brand that was being advertised†¦this is definitely a pitfall and must be looked into. For an ad to have a real impact, it must be able to create brand retention. Advertising is the main source of â€Å"Customer Education† in marketing. Its main advantage to the customer is that we become aware of the products in the market and have a competitive advantage in buying the products and services. Its main advantage to the seller is in the manner of informing the prospective customers of the values of the products and capturing them. In older days, ads were on papers and pamphlets and billboards. In this electronic era, it has captured the TV and the internet. Therefore advertising is not a waste of resources. But as companies make their advertising expenditure on customer then it would be a bit problematic condition for customers as companies just look for their profits and if the advertising agency is not good then the whole budget goes waste. So i think company should be effective to make an ad as for this era advertising is an important aspect for all types of businesses. But company should not make the ads on the costs of customer’s money as they don’t give customer a big return but they have a huge returns and companies absorb bloods of poor customers. So i think that should be stop or minimized as in India rich are becoming more richer and poor becoming more poorer Advertising Is a Wasteful Expenditure or an Investment Many a times, we as consumers remember the setting of the ad but forget the brand that was being advertised†¦this is definitely a pitfall and must be looked into. For an ad to have a real impact, it must be able to create brand retention. Advertising is the main source of â€Å"Customer Education† in marketing. Its main advantage to the customer is that we become aware of the products in the market and have a competitive advantage in buying the products and services. Its main advantage to the seller is in the manner of informing the prospective customers of the values of the products and capturing them. In older days, ads were on papers and pamphlets and billboards. In this electronic era, it has captured the TV and the internet. Therefore advertising is not a waste of resources. But as companies make their advertising expenditure on customer then it would be a bit problematic condition for customers as companies just look for their profits and if the advertising agency is not good then the whole budget goes waste. So i think company should be effective to make an ad as for this era advertising is an important aspect for all types of businesses. But company should not make the ads on the costs of customer’s money as they don’t give customer a big return but they have a huge returns and companies absorb bloods of poor customers. So i think that should be stop or minimized as in India rich are becoming more richer and poor becoming more poorer

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Business - Essay Example Abu Dhabi is keeping a silence ever since the report of the crisis has started. Some people think that Abu Dhabi may come for the rescue of Dubai while others have different opinions. Dubai might be escaped from the current crisis; but the damages caused by the current crisis have spoiled the image of Dubai and more time needed Dubai to regain the lost confidence of investors in Dubai ventures. The article concluded that it is difficult for Dubai to regain its lost face even if they were able to come out of the crisis. The article also concludes that Abu Dhabi has a major role in solving the Dubai crisis. The article beautifully explained the pros and cons of the current Dubai crisis. The article has ridiculed the existing Dubai governmental functioning. Moreover, it is indirectly blaming the foolish lending habits of some of the foreign financial institutions from Britain and Europe. The article was not sure about the Abu Dhabi’s tactics in the current Dubai crisis, even though it identifies Abu Dhabi as the probable savior of Dubai. FOR years, Dubai strove to capture the imagination of the financial world, projecting its young financial centre as a â€Å"global gateway† for capital. Last week it succeeded in grabbing attention. Its announcement that it would delay repayment of the debts of Dubai World, a vast government-owned conglomerate, swept through global markets like one of the blinding sandstorms that occasionally afflict the emirate, obscuring the gleam of its skyscrapers. Like those storms, Dubai’s announcement was so damaging because it reduced visibility. Investors had assumed that the Dubai government was willing to rescue the indebted conglomerates it sponsors, and that Abu Dhabi, its well-heeled neighbouring emirate, was willing, in turn, to rescue Dubai. In particular, they had looked forward to the full and timely repayment of a $3.5 billion Islamic bond issued by Nakheel, a Dubai World subsidiary, on December

International Business Strategy assignment Term Paper

International Business Strategy assignment - Term Paper Example As a result, the Turkish market realized a 35% decline in domestic demand for household appliances. At this juncture, the company is forced to revise its strategic potentiality in promoting its key goal of international expansion. This case study will explore Arcelik’s principal motives for international expansion. It will also evaluate different tactics that would assist the firm to achieve this aim. Principal motives for international expansion The major international growth motive that drives Arcelik is its intention to achieve economies of large scale operation. While sales increase, there would be a proportional increase in profitability also. In order to increase total sales volume, it is necessary for the firm to deal with large scale production processes that would in turn assist the firm to cut down various expenditures. When the company involves in large volume production, it is forced to purchase raw materials in bulk quantities which would aid the firm to earn the benefits of more cash and trade discounts. This strategy would also enable the company to take advantages of transportation costs and warehouse charges. Efficient use of capital equipment and employment of specialized labor are other objectives that lead Arcelik Home Appliances to set international expansion as the key aim. ... It is obvious that international expansion directly contributes to international identity or brand reputation in the global market. When the firm earns a good market stature, it assists them to raise cheaper credits at the time of contingencies. Since large business houses leveraged with stable and potential financial sources and other special reserves, creditors generally believe that these business entities have the potential to repay the money even in the times of difficulties. Therefore, banks and other financial institutions are willing to provide them credit facilities at cheaper rates without having much legal procedure. However, the international expansion and thereby low cost of credit would benefit Arcelik to reduce cost of production. Presently, Arcelik is highly dependant on the volatile local market; it will certainly impede the further economic growth of the organization. Hence, access to international market is Arcelik’s primary motive for international expansio n. Since Arcelik deals with household appliances, it would get prospective markets anywhere across the globe. Anyhow, America and Europe will be the most prospective markets for Arcelik as they are considered as the focal points of world’s trading. Ghemawat (2008) reflects that Turkish government eliminated tariffs on imports of household appliances from the European Community in 1996. This liberalization policy intensified imports from Europe and it severely affected Arcelik’s domestic market demand. It also drives them to enter international market. In 1970s and 1980s, the firm acquired technologies from General Electric and Bosch-Siemens; but these companies imposed many restrictions on Arcelik. By the end of 1990s, Arcelik developed its own appliance designs and hence it wished to