Courage Essay

Courage/Coward essay For my character I chose Tom Robinson. He is one of the main characters and is the basis of the story â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird. † Tom is sort of like the underlying hero in a way. He brought the Finch’s a little closer as a family as well. I think Tom had courage because he walked by the Ewell place (knowing the kind of people they are), also for sticking around after the accusation and not fleeing to somewhere to hide, and finally because he was innocent for the crime, and didn’t fight back when they convicted him.Tom had quite a bit of courage to me for just walking by the Ewell house. Everybody in Macomb knew what kind of person Bob Ewell was. The fact that they lived at the dump is even more foreboding to go near their house. Not trying to sound too judgmental but that just sounds like a bad idea. So I do give Tom credit for walking by there as much as he did. â€Å"Yes. I’ve walked by there many times. † To me, Tom showe d a massive amount of courage by staying around for his trial.At this time, many people would have fled and gone to a new place to lay low. Tom stuck around like a real man to await the judge’s decision. That takes guts. He could have easily of gathered his belongings and his family, then left and gone far, far away. â€Å"no quote. † When the judge sent the jury to go converse and make a verdict, Tom and everyone in the courthouse knew what was coming. They all knew Tom was going to jail. It was a one sided case from the start. t was one man against a whole town. I believe Tom showed a great deal of courage for keeping his composer and staying calm through the trial. â€Å"Mr. Tate left the room and returned with Tom Robinson. He steered Tom to his place beside Atticus and stood there. † I do, however, think Tom was slightly a coward for one reason. I believ he should have spoken his mind with more emotion and force. If he had shown his true emotions about the situation, he might have had a better chance of being let go.Emotions appeal to people and can alter the way they think of someone. Tom might have been able to change the jury’s opinions and he would have been home free. â€Å"no quote. † Tom Robinson was definitely one of my favorite characters of the book. He showed courage in many ways, these are just three I liked the most. To me, Tom was a good man, just doing a good deed and as the saying goes, â€Å"no good deed goes unpunished. † I don’t agree with the verdict at all. Tom was innocent.

Promotion Strategy Used by Sony to Promote Vaio C Series Essay

VAIO C Series uses advertising to communicate to consumers. In addition, it classifies its segmentation to communicate directly with each ages or lifestyles of consumers. Message on advertising must classify to depend on target group because they are different such as teenager or young. Those target groups want notebook to reflect to their lifestyles. Using message to make recognition about functional, smart, cool, and modern is available for teenage or young. As well, the obvious promotional strategy is taken an emotional advertising instead of representing performances. Now, VAIO C Series is entering to a stage of an emotional benefit. Representing only an advance technology is not enough, VAIO C Series uses the emotional advertising to make consumer feeling accompany with VAIO C Series. An emotional aspect is made consumer to be proud when they use VAIO C Series and feel required to possess it. For example of VAIO C Series advertising campaign, â€Å"Show It with Your VAIO† this advertising emphasizes feeling and pride to possess and use VAIO C Series. Sales Promotion Sony has promoted its product through different sale promotional strategies. For example, distributing a premium product is a standard promotion. The premium product is accessories that are case & pouch, mouse, docking station, and micro vault. These premiums supported absolutely VAIO C Series users to enhance when using it. Furthermore, VAIO C Series uses the sale promotion of price-off especially in Commart X’Gen Thailand or Sony Day Let’s Cheer that consumer can buy VAIO C Series for the special price. For example, VAIO C Series discount 2000 Baths and pay by installments zero percent within a year. Public relation Sony VAIO C Series has advantages of public relationship from the corporate brand to take the good brand image. The Sony Group recognizes that its businesses have direct and indirect impact on the communities in which it operates. Sponsorship Sony is an active sponsor. Sony understands that sponsorship is its responsibility to assist like-minded organizations to help them achieve their goals. For example of sponsorship, Sony supports the InSIGHT Out project, Sony Thai support Showroom TV Program, and Sony Thai supported the 36th Charity Bazaar. Direct Marketing On the other hand, SONY also used direct selling strategy for their promotion. They provide an interactive customer website for visitor who wishes to get more information about VAIO C Series to select and preview the colours for the SONY VAIO C Series. SONY also uses e-mail to acknowledge their customer about their latest product and updates. Personal selling In VAIO store, the sale force makes the good relationship and will communicate well to costumer when they want to know more information. SONY has training the sale force to communicate VAIO C Series information both its product and entertainment from VAIO C Series. They must have the technology knowledge to relate with product to teach consumer. Personal selling has every VAIO C Series dealers that is a force promotion in highly competitors.

Ethical Principles in the Corporate World Essay

Ethical Principles in the Corporate World - Essay Example The matter at hand presents the dilemma in which the employee is placed by two important factors that determines destiny. It is important to note that the company management is reluctant to solve the issue of employee exposure to the harmful asbestos and instead avoids the cost of carrying out cleanup. The management silently threaten the employee with job loss in case of raising alarm on the health risk posed by asbestos in the vault while the employee is attempting to balance losing the job and retaining it but awaiting the consequences of long term exposure to the asbestos in the work place. What is wrong and why? What do you see as the conflict? The issue of central concern in this case is the healthy risk that asbestos in the vault poses to the employee. The company management has put in place restrictive measures that prevent the employee from airing their views or seeking government intervention over the evident health hazard they face from asbestos in the vault. The employee is juggling with two competing decisions with equally enormous consequences. If the employee report the matter to the healthcare agencies there are chances of losing job and silent on the other hand means ultimate health risk from the long term exposure to the toxic asbestos in the work place. ... In this case the consequence of seeking external intervention over the management unethical treatment of employees is losing a job. This comes with several socio-economic repercussions on the life of the employee. On the other hand, silence means continued exposure to the harmful asbestos which will end up with respiratory infections at retirement or upon leaving the company. In the context of this case, the employee will make decision based on the ultimate consequences attached to each move. Deontologist: decision is tied to duty and obligation From the approach of deontologist, the universal obligation and responsibility of every person to ensure safety and general welfare of humanity is upheld. It is important to underline the duty of every employee in serving the company with utmost faith and considering that the welfare of the employees takes center stage as far as productivity of the corporation is concerned. This mode of making a decision considers the cardinal significance of physical health in employee’s ability to discharge duties and derive better socio-economic life which is the fundamental role of corporates. In this respect, the employee should act for the interest of fellow workers without fearing for the short term consequences like loss of job. Virtue ethics: decision is based on â€Å"who am I?† (Consult article: â€Å"The Discipline of Building Character†) Personal identity is an important consideration when making such a critical decision. There are a number of factors to put to play and the most important one is the long term benefits from any decision made. Loss of job like in this case may mean seeking another one in a better

Be an Anthropologist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Be an Anthropologist - Essay Example Physical anthropologists concentrate on anatomical and physiological structures of human beings with a major focus on their stages of growth and development. Question 2 Evolution refers to changes in inherited characteristics of biological populations from one generation to the other. The process of evolution leads to diversities in successive levels of biological organizations in species, individual organisms and life molecules such as proteins and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Existing variations and patterns exhibited by bio diversity are believed to be shaped by gradual processes of speciation and extinction. Charles Darwin formulated a scientific argument for evolutionary theory through natural selection. Natural selection enables the genetic mutations that enhance reproduction to maintain commonality in successive generations of a population. Evolution occurs through changes in heritable characteristics of organisms (Bergstrom & Dugatkin, 2012). Evolution influences all aspects of behavior and forms of organisms such as character traits and physical adaptations through natural selection. Question 3 Physical anthropologists primarily study fossils of earlier organisms. Past species left records of their evolutionary history. Fossils constitute the morphological and anatomical records that physical anthropologists compare to discover lineages of the species. ... Question 4 The physical anthropologist selects resources, including the notebook, guides for identifying fossils and textbooks of paleontology. The second step is collecting of fossils from geologic formation from where the anthropologist can access. The anthropologist should select fossils from known or unquestionable sources since they are reliable. These fossils are considered reliable because the environmental contexts from which they originate from are known (Steckley, 2011). The anthropologist should examine the selected fossils carefully using lenses and take notes. The third step involves using field guides to investigate taxonomic identification and scientific classification of the fossils, including their kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. The anthropologist then labels the sketches using the guides and textbooks. The anthropologist studies the geologic map of the area where the fossil is found in order to determine the formation and geologic period f or the geologic deposit. The anthologist then studies the paleaolecology and paleaoenvironment in which the organism of the fossil lived (Steckley, 2011). The final stage of studying the fossil involves summarizing the fossil’s analysis based on observations and research. Question 5 Source (in-texed above) Question 6 The source above deals with the study of jawbones in identifying the evolutionary processes. The book has presents the process of evolution beginning from four billion years, although only a few photographs of jawbones are available for viewing (Duranti, 2010). The introduction of the book defines physical anthropology within

Romania Risk Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Romania Risk Assessment - Assignment Example The new state which is now Romania gained independence in 1877 from the traditional Ottoman Empire. The economy of the country is anchored on services and production of different electric energy and machines with some of the key companies being OMV Petron and Automobile Dacia. Currently the country is regarded as upper-middle income with a super high human development index. Despite the continuous growth in the country, there are a number of challenges and risks that the nation faces that it should deal with to see a continuous growth of the economy and cohesion amongst the people. ("Romania: Risk ratings", 2010, Business Europe, 2010) 3 Romania is located on the South East of Central Europe. It border black sea between Ukraine and Bulgaria. The country which is 92,043 sq. miles in area size also borders Serbia, Hungary and Moldova. Romania has a population of roughly 20 million with a temperate continental climate. The country’s largest city, Bucharest is the sixth largest city in terms of size and population within the European Union. Romania is within the traditional territories of the former Roman province of Dacia. It was formed in 1859 via a unique personal union of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. The new state which is now Romania gained independence in 1877 from the traditional Ottoman Empire. The economy of the country is anchored on services and production of different electric energy and machines with some of the key companies being OMV Petron and Automobile Dacia. Currently the country is regarded as upper-middle income with a super high human development index. Despite the continuou s growth in the country, there are a number of challenges and risks that the nation faces that it should deal with to see a continuous growth of the economy and cohesion amongst the people. ("Romania: Risk ratings", 2010, Business Europe, 2010) Risk is the potential loss of something of value. When it is not handled

Mahasweta Devi, Breast-Giver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mahasweta Devi, Breast-Giver - Essay Example And, there is a proportion among writers who bring these situations and incidents into a written form, using the realistic or fictionalized version of the real life happenings as the base, particularly the ‘injuring’ or distressing aspects. Mahasweta Devi is one such writer, who has used the culture, events etc prevailing in India, particularly the distressing and disturbing happenings in her home state of West Bengal in her works. So, in this paper I will focus on Mahasweta Devi, her life, her works and what will be the contents of my presumed interaction with her. Mahasweta Devi presently lives in Kolkatta (the new name of Calcutta). Apart from being an accomplished Indian writer, she is also a social worker, involving herself in many worthwhile causes and thus travels to many parts of West Bengal and throughout India. So, I planned to reach Kolkatta by air and from the airport, based on Devi’s current work or location, I will make the trip by road or train. Before boarding my flight, I researched about Devi through internet and books, and got a lot of information about her life and her works. So, onboard the flight to Kolkatta, based on the information, I set my thought process into action and tried to form the questions I will ask Devi, topics for our conversation etc, etc. As, I want the interaction with Devi to be smooth, fruitful, engaging and beneficial, I formed certain questions and topics based on the research. Firstly, I plan to ask Devi about her early days in erstwhile East Bengal and whether the partition of India and Paki stan had any impact on her life. Devi was actually born in Dacca, in what is now Bangladesh. Being a Hindu, she and her family moved into West Bengal in India at the time of partition of India and Pakistan. That is, as British gave freedom to India in 1947, they divided mainland India, into India and Pakistan, with Hindu majority areas staying with India and Muslim majority areas going to

The growth of new media has changed the way media products are Essay

The growth of new media has changed the way media products are produced and consumed. Particularly, mobile phones, the Internet, - Essay Example To understand this further, I supplement my discussion with reference from combined cognitive behavioral theory in communication and mass media. In this essay, I will be discussing the importance of cognitive and behavioral approach in creating a successful message direct to the audience, which must have been the case Apple used in order to generate future substantial market share particularly in urban populations in Asia. In this paper, I am able to argue that the advancement of effective communication channel from the new media creates a successful integration of information, which makes cognitive and behavioral appeal so appealing and effective. Cognitive and Behavioral theory Cognitive and behavioral theories have their focus on psychology of individuals. Marketing products is remarkably about trying to understand customers’ behaviors, especially on their buying behaviors. These are all observable activities that marketers for many years considered important information pr ior to creating product or service offerings. These can all be measured or observed as behavioral psychology focuses on observable behaviors (Feldman, 2006). However, down deeper in understanding what are the things going on prior to a certain behavior, some experts believe that customers or people in general have internal mental processes, so this is the point of cognitive theory (Feldman, 2006). One therefore could not be able to understand the internal mental processes within a person, unless a certain behavior which is believed to be a certain output is observed. Marketers for many years have tried to understand the complex human behavior in order to integrate product or service offerings that have messages to make sense with its target audience when already out in the market. However, today, companies like Apple Incorporated have been trying to create a need for their product and service offerings for the belief that there must be something unconscious needs in everyone that re quire to be unleashed, which could only be realized when a person finally would come to consider seeing something to motivate such unconsciousness. Sigmund Freud believed that our behavior is motivated by the unconscious, a part of us that we are not actually aware (Feldman, 2006). Apple Incorporated in its goal to innovate possibilities tries to impress us with its fresh innovation. We can actually live without smartphones, but Apple is trying to reach such unconsciousness in us, by creating it to a point that we must live to a necessary luxury. Apple is therefore successful in creating a need for its product offerings, as its innovation has become one of the leading products out in the market today. Apple therefore has been successful in reaching the unconscious part in its prospective and target customers, in a way that could be proven from the actual behavior of consumers towards its product offerings, but this could be applicable in other parts of the world somewhere, for the m ean time. In Asia, the potential market such as Indonesia and India are still price conscious and would be willing to invest in products that could satisfy such criterion, but it cannot be denied Apple has become a personal choice even if the price of its offerings was not comparable to other related products in its industry (Arakali and Master, 2012). In this case, I am trying to construct the idea

The role of the Nazi medical professionals in the Holocaust Essay

The role of the Nazi medical professionals in the Holocaust - Essay Example The id is the violent, animalistic side that comes to the fore in moments of stress and also within wars, when the power of the superego (laws, norms etc.) becomes diluted (Jones, 1955). The case of the Nazi medical professionals, who indulged in a series of experiments that ranged from the nominally 'medical' to the outright sadistic, seems to suggest that given the opportunity, many people, and even those who are meant to be dedicated to caring for people will allow the id that has been lurking within them to fore. This essay will deal with both the general tendencies of Nazi rule that led to the doctors' involvement in various atrocities, from euthanasia of infants to selections of those to go to the gas chambers to medical experiments, together with the specifics of some of the people involved. The questions of "how" and "why" are often linked within this study. As will be seen, many of the doctors seemed to be able to convince themselves that what they were doing was at least nominally in the interests of medical science. William Shirer (1959) presents the situation very well. He states that Thus the Nazi medical experiments must be considered not only from the relatively small number of doctors who actually took an active part in them, but also the tens of thousands other doctors who passively endorsed the experiments through their silence. This overall complicity of the German medical community within the Holocaust in general may be partially explained by the indoctrination to Nazi principles that had occurred with the steady development of Nazi hegemony within Germany. As Robert Lifton (2000) puts it, "the oath of loyalty to Hitler they took as SS military officers was much more real to them than a vague ritual performed at medical school" (p.207). Even for those doctors who were not members of the SS there was a sense of loyalty to the state that was perhaps much more real than the Hippocratic oath they had probably taken decades before. As with many of the atrocities committed by the Nazis, those performed by doctors did not start at the extremes, but rather gradually developed. Thus medical doctors were first used to perform the "mercy killing" or "euthanasia" of the mentally handicapped, the physically handicapped and those that were terminally ill or otherwise regarded as a burden to the Nazi state. This started with the killing of "idiot children" and the severely "mentally ill" (Lifton, p.180). Such killing was also accomplished through essentially letting newborn babies with defects die. Doctors argued that "there was no justification for keeping such a child alive" (Lifton, p.51). It is interesting to note that the act of killing is transformed into a more passive definition of "not keeping" the child alive. In these initial stages of using doctors within the Nazi plan for dominance, the Nazi hierarchy, on Hitler's explicit instruction, was careful to consider the sensibilities of those involved with the killing. Thus a

Poem ulysses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poem ulysses - Essay Example In stanza 2, line 23 in the poem, Ulysses says, â€Å"To rust unburnished, not to shine in use!†, denoting that spirit to feel worthwhile even at an age where people would redeem them useless. It is Ulysses perseverance that makes him wants to make this dangerous journey in his old age and admits better to die during such an adventure than to store in his boring kingdom (Tennyson). The main character in the poem is Ulysses. Ulysses is an old King whom has good memories of his young age and a vast kingdom to rule. Ulysses appears to be bored staying in one place as the spirit of adventure keeps calling him, â€Å"It little profits that an idle king† (Stanza 1, line 1). He opts to leave the kingdom to his son and make a journey to a distant land with his crew of old men. At an old age, many would expect Ulysses to stay in one place and die in peace, but the old man is determined to die while happy on an adventure (Tennyson). Ulysses is seen as a person who does not give up in life, but is determined to hold on onto the one thing that makes him happy. He even makes a move to leave his wife behind and go to the seas with his old crew with whom he has had several adventures

Human Sexuality Paper Essay Example for Free

Human Sexuality Paper Essay When I was assigned this paper, I wanted to choose a paraphilia that I misunderstood the most. People who have sexual sadism disorder have frequent fantasies about sexual arousal results from inflicting psychological or physical suffering on a sexual partner, even humiliation and pain. This isn’t just a common act of rough sex. In the worst cases sexual sadism involves rape, torture, and even murder, the death of the victim produces sexual excitement. People who take their sexual addiction to these levels need psychiatric help or to be jailed. The arousal for these people is the terror in which they see in their victims. However, not all cases of sadism are so serious. Some are also people who do not torture so bad. This is known as sadomasochism. With this disorder, people are incredibly aroused by being tied up by their partner. Many normal couples use spanking, tying up, and a bit of force for fore play. This is not to be mistaken with sadism.. This is actually very common and kind of a fad now. There are sex stores that sell the type of products for this type of foreplay such as collars, whips, and all types of toys. There are a number of psychological theories about sadism. Most are based off of cases studies. Freud had two different views on the sadism. First he thought that aggressiveness with sexuality was urges. But he also thought that early in life children may have witnessed a sexual act or sex of their parents when they were just children. There were also psychologists that though that children developed sadism when their caretakers bring sexual pleasure and deny it when initiating toilet training or prevent asturbation. Psychologist sometimes believe that a person develops a psychological imprint during some earlier sexual experience at times.. Others believe that it is a slow process that relates back to when the individual becomes aroused and they then remember and reinforce it later in life during sex. A lot of men when asked are able to remember incidents in childhood or early adolescent that triggered them to become aroused. Treatment Someone with sexual sadism may never become known to the public, treatment or law enforcement. If people can limit their sexual sadism to istinct levels in a relationship, it is very controllable and not harmful if the partner is willing, which often can happen. For the ones who are brought to the attention of police officials the sadism has usually made itself into dangerous activity that have harmed others Conclusion In my thoughts, I feel that many and most people have sexual impulses that they are ashamed of. Most of which are not harmful, however, I do believe that individuals that are harmful to others need other resources and help with their condition to prevent the damage that is possible. Some hold in urges for so long that they are just simply uncontrollable in the heat of the moment. I feel any individual with these feelings need to seek counseling and try to pin point reasons and ways of subsiding their urges right off the bat. If the person affected is a serious danger to society then society needs to take serious measures to assure everyone’s safety. People who choose not to seek treatment could be just your average next door neighbor who looks and acts completely normal. And then suddenly one day they snap and become a danger to who ever is around them. This is concerning for everyone in society.

A Report On Jeeves Plc

A Report On Jeeves Plc In recent years, there is worldwide competition among the companies to secure a marketplace due to the increasing demand amongst the customers. In order to survive in the global marketplace the companies have to give an improved quality of products and services. This Report provides a detailed study of the understanding of total quality management. It also provides an effective decision making techniques to improve the quality of the organisation. The methodologies employed for the integrated quality management as allied to the aspects of the total quality culture. In this project, i have discussed the problems made by JEEVES PLC COMPANY and its causes. With the help of total quality management, I have also suggested some valuable points that can help the company to recover from the problematic situation. In recent years, there is worldwide competition among the companies to secure a marketplace due to the increasing demand amongst the customers. In order to survive in the global marketplace the companies have to give an improved quality of products and services. In some market place there is an increasing supply of competitively priced products and services from low labour cost countries such as those in Far East, China, Vietnam, Philippine and India. Therefore the continuous improvements in total business activities with the focus on the customer throughout the entire organisation and an emphasis on flexibility and quality are one of the main means by which the companies face up to these competitive threats. The quality and its management and the associated continuous improvements are looked upon by many organisations as the means by which they can survive in increasingly aggressive markets and a competitive edge over the rivals. As a result of the efforts made by organisations to r espond to these marketplace demands the quality of products, services and processes has increased considerably during the last decades. QUALITY: The term quality can be defined in different ways. In general Quality can be defined as Degree to which a set of inherent characteristic fulfils requirements on a product which in-turn meets the consumer needs. It can also be defined as the characteristic which meets the requirement of a consumer on a process, a product or a service. Philip Crosbys defined quality as conformance to requirements. (Dale, 1999,2003) Therefore the definition of quality can be defined in its own according to the each related person and related fields. In technical usage, the word Quality is widely accepted to have two meanings. A characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs; and A product or service free of deficiencies. (Nanda, 2005) QUALITY MANAGEMENT: Quality management is defined as follows Quality management comprises all activities that are required to plan for quality in an organisation, and all activities that are required to satisfy quality objectives. Quality management comprises of four elements, they are Quality planning Quality control Quality assurance Quality improvement Quality planning: Quality planning refers to activities that are performed to: Establish quality objectives Identifying quality requirements Plan for quality management systems Plan for process execution Quality control: Quality control comprises activities executed to fulfil the requirements for quality. This includes: Activities to monitor a process to ensure its output is of required quality; and Activities to correct discrepancies when they occur. Quality assurance: Quality assurance comprises all the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be demonstrated to provide confidence that a product or service will fulfil requirements for quality. Quality improvement: Quality improvement can be defined as: Enhancement in the effectiveness and efficiency of the processes; and Enhancement in the extent to which a product satisfies applicable requirements (including quality requirements). TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: It is an approach that puts quality at the heart of everything that is done by an operation and including all activities within an operation. This in total can be summarised by the TQM lays particular stress on the following: Meeting the needs and expectation of customers; Covering all parts of the organisation; Including every person in the organisation ; Examining all costs which are related to quality, especially failure costs; Getting things right first time i.e. designing in quality rather than inspecting it in; Developing the systems and procedures which support quality and improvement; Developing a continuous process of improvement . Main implementation issues in TQM initiatives: A number of factors appear to be influential in ensuring the success of TQM. These are; The existence of a fully worked-out quality strategy; Top-managements support; A steering group to guide the initiative; An adequate recognitions and rewards the rewards scheme; Group-based improvements; An emphasis on appropriate training. (Nigel Slack, 2004) AN INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY ON JEEVES PLC: JEEVES PLC Company manufactures and sells an electronic consumer durable product. This is a domestic robot which is similar to human appearance and its mainly designed to carry out the domestic work. The robot is made up of light alloy material and is equipped with the sensory apparatus like radar which helps in moving the robot without colliding into the things and to carry out the work properly. The robot is controlled to carry out the work with the keyboard underneath the panel of the body. As a special feature it has got equipped with a memory system which is used in programming the machine to walk, move its hands and to perform other movements and as a special feature it is designed with voice programming and has got some simple speaking abilities such that it responds to some of the verbal commands given by the user. PRODUCTION PROCESS The sequence of the production of the robots is as follows: 1).Initially at the production process an order is placed by the department of sales .The robot is manufactured with the ultra light Kevlar and alloy steel sheet which is ordered from the local steel stock holders and the component suppliers supplies the electronic components like electric motors and the batteries, audio recognition devices system and radar vision system and are delivered and analysed. 2).In the following next step the delivered raw material stock is supplied to the inspection department for inspecting the quality certification standards where the quality standards are not to exceed more than 0.3% and 5% of the sample stock was taken by the inspection department randomly. 3).The steel sheet is cut into the required shapes using the high end computer controlled mechanical machinery such as guillotine and any scrap is discarded, followed by making the special joints on precision machined. 4).Once the cutting process is completed the cut sheets are passed to pressing stage to press them into the appropriate shapes such as fronts, backs, arms ,legs, and heads and drilled to facilitate assembly, followed by cleaning ,burnishing and spraying the appropriate colours to increase the appearance of the robot. 5).The painting process is carried out in order to make the surface of the robot free from rust and to give a good appearance such that it attracts the customers. The entire painting process is an automated process, the process proceed through a series chemical treatments then followed by blowing the dried using a hand held hose. The overall painting process involves two coatings of paint which is done by spraying and after once the first coat is completed the casings are polished with the help of machine. Then the last step ends with the hand finishing and polishing .Then the cases are taken from the work in progress (W.I.P) store and kept on a semi-automated assembly line. 6).The next step in the process is precision jointing which helps the robot to rotate its parts like shoulders, knees, and elbow and wrist joints in 6 planes and in consequence. The electronic components like battery, ceramic electric motor, printed circuit boards and storage cards are fixed to the back of the robot machine and also radar vision, gyroscopic balance system and audio reorganisation systems are fixed to the back of the head of the machine. Fibre optic cabling is also done when the arms and legs are assembled with joints and the fronts and backs are joined by using high adhesives. 7).Fronts and backs of the various cases are joined together using high technology epoxy adhesives. Then these applicators receive the casing halves along the assembly line where the adhesives along the surfaces using are spread using a gun. The major joints are done by robot applicators but certain small and in accessible areas have to be made by hand. Cases joined after components got fixed within them. Then the next step in process is to move the entire cases to the final assembly followed by the inspection and the test area to check the tests for held water and air tightness and smoothness of fit. 8).Each sub-assembly is inspected before final assembly. The head, body, arms and legs are connected up using multi-dimensional jointing and flexible hoses. After all the final inspection tests are carried out then the machine is subjected to some practical tests once after the software is installed into the system for visual inspection which follows in a sequence which takes for five consecutive weeks. (link, 2009) IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM AND ITS CAUSES: Problem-1 Problem1 DEVIATION RELEVANT FACTS IRRELEVANT FACTS WHAT IS IT? Cost of failure prevention is low (4%) Appraisal and inspection cost is 44% WHERE IS IT? Distribution of quality cost Distribution of quality cost WHEN DID IT OCCUR? Estimation of quality cost Estimation of quality cost HOW EXTENSIVE? large large IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCTION/ CHANGES / RELATIONSHIPS The organisation is not concentrating on the failure prevention which plays a vital role in the productivity and hence it is unnecessary to make an increments in appraisal and inspection cost. And also there seems that appraisal is given to the unskilled employees were employed in the organisation and they are paid with an appraisal which is unnecessary EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM If the organisation is not going to concentrate on failure prevention then there will be a huge amount of raw materials and money will be wasted. When a semi-skilled labour is employed in the organisation there will be wastage of time and money POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS The organisation must concentrate more on the failure prevention the prior training should be given to the employees are semi-skilled in order to accomplish the quality requirements Problem2 DEVIATION RELEVANT FACTS IRRELEVANT FACTS WHAT IS IT? Absenteeism WHERE IS IT? organisation WHEN DID IT OCCUR? during August and December HOW EXTENSIVE? large IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCTION/ CHANGES / RELATIONSHIPS The staffs are not proper in adopting the work culture and there seems a lack of commitment towards the work EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM if this happens the entire production will get slow down and production will get delayed and this will lead to a financial loss to the organisation POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS they should be educated about the importance of the group work and they are made to involve in the work Problem3 DEVIATION RELEVANT FACTS IRRELEVANT FACTS WHAT IS IT? Loss in capital employed WHERE IS IT? factory WHEN DID IT OCCUR? Year 2020 HOW EXTENSIVE? large IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCTION/ CHANGES / RELATIONSHIPS it is observed that the capital investment per unit starting from the year 2016 to 2020 has been consequently decreasing EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM This results in increase in productivity cost and capital investment POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS it is observed that the capital investment per unit starting from the year 2016 to 2020 has been consequently decreasing Problem4 DEVIATION RELEVANT FACTS IRRELEVANT FACTS WHAT IS IT? Some of the painting process is unnecessary WHERE IS IT? factory WHEN DID IT OCCUR? Automated painting process HOW EXTENSIVE? small IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCTION/ CHANGES / RELATIONSHIPS In the painting process the parts of the robot are under gone a several steps of chemical treatments to prevent the surface free from rust which are normally dried using a hand held hose, where some of the operatives suggest it is unnecessary. EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM This results in waste in time, money and labours assigned to the work POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS avoiding this stage may save the money, the time and the labour assigned to that particular job and they can be used for any other purpose so that the productivity may increase somewhat. Problem 5 DEVIATION RELEVANT FACTS IRRELEVANT FACTS WHAT IS IT? New precision joining unit WHERE IS IT? precision jointing WHEN DID IT OCCUR? weeks ending 9th and 23rd November HOW EXTENSIVE? large IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCTION/ CHANGES / RELATIONSHIPS In the organisation they have setup a new precision joining unit for joining the shoulders, arms, elbow, knees and wrist joints of the product which requires own patented joining system which is expensive and requires highly skilled labour technicians and high end latest tools to work. Even though using such high end tools the fine tolerance in jointing mechanisms runs away. And it is observed that the rejections are 10% worse than the norm on the weeks ending 9th and 23rd November. EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM This results a waste of money and time .It gives a poor quality of products POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Better suggestion regarding this case is to avoid using patented jointing systems Problem 6 DEVIATION RELEVANT FACTS IRRELEVANT FACTS WHAT IS IT? Poor fittings WHERE IS IT? Fitting section WHEN DID IT OCCUR? Fixing an assembly HOW EXTENSIVE? large IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCTION/ CHANGES / RELATIONSHIPS The assembly is done, mainly by semi-skilled workers using power tools which results in poor fittings more rejections and again they are scraped back to rework on the same products EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM Poor fitting results in more rejections and the which leads to wastage of time, money and labour POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS proper training should be given to the workers for fitting the joints and inspection has to be done properly so that they are not suppose to work on it again. Problem 7 DEVIATION RELEVANT FACTS IRRELEVANT FACTS WHAT IS IT? Repairing the joints WHERE IS IT? precision jointing WHEN DID IT OCCUR? weeks ending 9th and 23rd November HOW EXTENSIVE? moderate IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCTION/ CHANGES / RELATIONSHIPS Even though the management places heavy emphasis on standard productivity the applicators achieve this pace but final assembly is frequently reduced because more time than was expected is spent on repairing the joints. EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM There is a great deal of grumbling amongst the final assembly workers whose task is made more difficult by misaligned and poorly fitted joints. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS In order to achieve the good quality product the necessary precautions can be taken like training the applicators on the job well with good technical knowledge skills and giving proper feedback on their performance. CONCLUSION: From the case study we can conclude that the organisation is to be managed well in order to increase the productivity rather than the profits and more over we have to concentrate on the miscellaneous expenditures, reducing product and service costs. S

BURNING SPEAR: AFRICAN TEACHER :: Essays Papers

BURNING SPEAR: AFRICAN TEACHER Burning Spear has in the past 25+ years achieved many acclaims as a reggae musician. He is known to many as the African teacher; the elder statesman of reggae; a cultural ambassador; a preacher; a rastaman. The main themes incorporated into his music are the teachings of Marcus Garvey, African roots, Rastafarian beliefs, and consciousness, especially black consciousness. Spear's sound is said to be hypnotic and trance-like (Bloodlines, Davis and Simon, 1992, 53-55). His lyrics are simple, but the resonant sound of Spear's voice, along with the drum and bass, intensifies the listening experience to its fullest. His music is meant to be heard in every part of your body; to carry the listener to a higher state of being; to uplift. In Newsday, Elena Oumano wrote:"At its heights, reggae music transforms the loss rage and love of 2 million former slaves/colonials into"dread"consciousness, and international revolution of the mind against blind acceptance of the world as it is, rocking affir mation of the power of the underclass to elevate the human spirit,"(Oumano, 1991, p 17). Spear's reggae has, since the beginning, continued to reach this height. Winston Rodney, Burning Spear's Christian name, was born on March 1, 1945. He was born in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica (Messer, 1995, 1). Burning Spear was quoted to have said this about his background;"I'm not a man with a musical background. I was a flexible man who was there until Jah call I,"(qtd. in Messer, 1995, 2). He takes his name from the Kenya freedom fighter, Jomo Kenyatta, who was also called Burning Spear (Bloodlines, Davis and Simon, 1992, 54). Spear's musical career began in 1969 when he ran into Bob Marley deep in the outdoors of St. Ann's. It could be said that Marley and Spear were led to each other on that day in January. Marley was traveling to his farm via a donkey. Spear was headed the opposite direction. When their paths crossed, Bob brought his donkey to a halt and climbed down. The two began talking, and Bob rolled a spliff. They sat in the grass, smoking, talking of Rastafari, African roots, and reggae music. Burning Spear mentioned that he was interested in getting involved in the music business. Marley told Spear to go to Studio One, which was the label Marley had been working with and which Coxsone Dodd owned. Marley told Spear to tell the producers that he had sent him.

The History of the Rise Essay -- American History, Slavery, Clarkson

In 1808, Thomas Clarkson published his two-volume text, The History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, after the prolonged campaign to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire. Within this text, Clarkson inserted his own map of the path to abolition, consisting of the efforts by prominent intellectuals, politicians, and religious organizations. This essay will argue that Clarkson’s map neglects the informal abolition activities that coincided with the official abolition campaign both within and outside the map’s timeframe; it in fact ends twenty years before the passage of abolition legislation in 1807. This argument will also examine the role of marginalized groups, including women, blacks, and public opinion, in the non-informal activities involved in the crusade to abolish slavery. Recent scholarship and some primary texts will be utilized to posit that various informal activities are absent from Clarkson’s map and need to be examined for their contributions to the crusade. The map examines the activities and individuals missing from the current timeframe, ending in the year 1787, and so this study will explore the post-1787 activities that should have been included on the map. A point of conflict on the map is the twenty year gap between 1787 and 1807, arguably a critical period on the eve of abolition. The map fails to display the contributions that finally provoked Parliament to pass legislation to abolish the slave trade. Within this gap, Clarkson additionally neglects the important contributions made by marginalized groups to abolition. Historians have steered away from traditional scholarship of the abolition of the Trade to focus ... ...de. They served as a device to generate popular sentiment against the slave trade. Drescher argues this media was significant in the first national mobilization. For example, organizers of the Manchester petition advertised for the abolition of the slave trade by submitting their petition to all major newspapers in England to promote the creation of other petitions by readers (Drescher, 49). The Manchester Committee disseminated the info from their petition to others. Advertised to all major English newspapers to promote readers to submit/ organize similar petition (Drescher, 49). Manchester serves as a model petition. The published Manchester petition was critical to the public agitation of the slave trade. Ten days after newspapers first reported of the Manchester petition in the General post, public agitation/ attack of the slave trade (Drescher, 49).

Quebec Essay -- Quebec Profound Nationalism, Sovereignty

The reaction to a majority vote in Quebec and their subsequent succession. Quebec has struggled with a need to be maitres chez nous â€Å"masters of their own house† (Young, 1998). Many attempts at resolving Quebec's issues has resulted in tensions from both sides. Because Quebec has a strong national identity, and do not define themselves as strictly Canadian, Quebec is seen as difficult, unyielding and discontented. Quebec's separation perhaps is inedible and the future of Canada questionable. Canada without Quebec will bring about many complications and whether there is a rest of Canada (ROC) after Quebec a major challenge. Western alienation and the lack of representation in federal affairs will be a factor; moreover, past actions and historical events may have turned Canada into a time bomb, and the deterioration of the provinces the only sulotion. How First Ministers react to Quebec's sovereignty regarding economic factors, political structure, and constitutional issues will be of great importance. Whether emotional issues will play a major r ole in decision making is subjective; however, it is fair to say that it will be an emotionally charged event and it could either tear apart the ROC or fuse it together. Placing emphasis on investigating what keeps Canada together is perhaps the key to Canada's future, and salvaging a relationship with Quebec. To decide what to do after Quebec separates, First Ministers and the ROC, must first look at why it happened. Perhaps Quebec's profound nationalism and unique national identity conflicted with citizens in the ROC; in order to gain understanding of their decision the ROC must look at Quebec's past. Quebec was not always treated fairly nor where they given many rights in regards t... ... A successful strategy in the accommodation of national minorities within a liberal democracy could be founded upon mutual trust, recognition and sound financial arrangements. However, a certain degree of tension between central and regional institutions may remain as a constant threat in this complex relationship since they entertain opposing aims. The federal governments determination to protect its territorial integrity, and its will to foster a single national identity among its citizens clashes with Quebec’s wish to be recognized as a separate nation and decide upon its political destiny and to foster its distinct identity (Guibernau pg.72). Moreover, if the ROC and the federal government can come to an agreement on terms that satisfy the majority and an identity that encompasses the heart of a country; Canada will continue to exist with or without Quebec.

Bullying speech Essay

What does it feel like to wake up in the morning and look forward to a day of teasing and name calling? What does it feel like to be engulfed in a world of negativity? Bullying†¦ Unwanted and aggressive behavior among school aged children involving real or perceived power imbalance. Bullying is no man’s best friend and it shouldn’t be. We see it all around us in our daily lives. All across the United States, this form of victimization has become an infamous trend among scholars. About 3 million out of America’s 21 million students are affected by bullying. That is about 1 student in every 7 students! Numerous people have different perspectives on what bullying is. Some think it means physical hurting while others think it is only emotional hurting. All of these are correct due to the fact that there are different ways one can be bullied. Bullying is unwanted and repeated behavior among students which includes Physical, Verbal, Indirect, social Alienation, In timidation and Cyber Bullying. see more:speeches on bullying Physical bullying is a serious problem it is when one person or a group of people picks on or harasses another person in a face to face confrontational manner. Verbal bullying is the most common form but it is just as bad as the other types. It is when an individual uses verbal language (e.g., insults, teasing, etc.) to gain power over his or her peers. Social Alienation is one type of bullying whereby exclusion is occurring between students due to social differences. The devastating part about this form is that it is not easily recognized as a form of bullying. Intimidation is the acts of making someone feel fearful by using threats. Last but not least, Cyber bullying which happens when kids bully each other through electronic devices. Over 25 percent of adolescents and teens have been bullied repeatedly through their cell phones or the Internet. With the increase in our use of technology, this form of bullying is increasing to higher rates. How can you stop this from happening? How can we put an end to bullying? It’s simple. The best way is NOT ignoring it whenever you see it going on. STEP UP! And be an advocate for your fellow peers that are hurting. Bulling is BAD! And it is up to YOU if you would let it happen when  you see it going on or stop it. experience

Assess Critically Three Causes of World War One Essay

Assess Critically Three Causes of World War One BY 155 Assess critically three causes of the First World War The First World War began in Europe in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. This trigger action caused the involvement of Germany, Russia, Serbia and Austria-Hungary. However, the war itself was caused by nationalism, alliances and Germanys fear of encirclement. Nationalism was the central cause of World War One because, due to the nationalism of the Slavs, the Balkan states became a powder keg. Austria-Hungary ade the Serbs fear annexation while the Slavs inside the country wanted a Pan- Slavic State. The assassination of the Archduke occurred due to the Serbs nationalism, to warn Austria-Hungary to stay away from Serbia. However, it had the completely opposite effect because Austria-Hungary now had a valid reason to give Serbia an Ultimatum that would allow them to attack the country. Austrians did not only do this because they wanted Serbia but also because they realised that the Slavic nationalism could cause another loss of their land as they had experienced in he Second Balkan War in 1913. There was also a significant number of Slave living inside the borders of Austria-Hungary who’s wish for a Pan-Slavic State could not be ignored and so they needed to be shown their limits. The nationalistic Slavs were a serious threat to Austria-Hungary and it was clear that this nationalism would result in a war. The alliances on the other hand, should not be left unspoken of due to the fact that they delocalized the war and caused distrust between countries. The Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain) on one side and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) on the other made it impossible for Austria-Hungarys conflict with Serbia to stay local. An especially important aspect of the Triple Alliance was that it only lasted from 1882 until 1914, because at the start of World War One Italy switched sides and went to the Allied Powers. This only contributed to the growing distrust that the alliances caused amongst the European powers because each country feared to be attacked. However, the alliances would never have become relevant if the Slavs nationalism in Austria-Hungary hadn’t made a war inevitable hat soon made the alliances come into effect. Germany rushed to Austria-Hungarys aid and Russia came to help Serbia so soon most countries in Europe had to assist their allies. A last cause that is very significant is Germanys fear of encirclement and the other countries fear of Germany. Kaiser Wilhelm II feared encirclement by Russia and France for a very long time because, not only did France want revenge for the land losses in the Franco-Prussian War but they were also allied with Russia. This meant that Germany faced the serious risk of a two front war. Yet, what Germany didn’t now, was that the other European countries feared it Just as much or even more than it feared them. Germany had the biggest army and a lot of economic power during the time Just before the war. These fears helped cause the war because they state of war preparation. However, these fears were tightly connected to nationalism because if all these countries hadn’t been nationalistic and wanted territory and, in France’s case, revenge, the war would probably not have started out the way it did. Considering these three causes it is clear to see that nationalism was the main ause but the alliances and Germanys fear played a major role in the outbreak of World War One. Many historians such as Fritz Fischer believe that Germany was the only one to blame due to it’s apparently obvious wish for war, but it is clear that the nationalism in the Balkan states was the most significant cause. The alliances caused the war to be on a larger scale but this could ultimately only happen because of the trigger event in the Balkans. Though there are many plausible and arguable causes for World War One, nationalism is definitely the most important one.

Middlemarch Comment Essay

George Elliot wrote Middlemarch in the year 1871. Middlemarch is the town where the novel takes place. George Elliot’s incentive for having started writing was to create a new, different kind of writing which distanced itself to the melodramatic novels which female authors were writing at the time. Middlemarch is a novel about a character called Dorothea, who is an inhabitant of the town and stands out for her striking beauty and surrealistic views on life. The author first described Dorothea’s character and then conveyed her attitude towards Dorothea through the use of literary techniques. She used the town of Middlemarch as the background of the plot to help portray Dorothea’s life path. Dorothea (otherwise known as Miss Brooke) is immediately portrayed as the main character that had striking beauty, which was â€Å"thrown into relief by a poor dress.† Her figure was very feminine; from her hands, wrists, to her stature and profile create a delicate feminine figure. This property she has separates her from the average towns person. Dorothea is an exceptional woman: she is smart, pious, and beautiful, and the governing principle of her character is her desire to help the needy. She is also quite intelligent. However, despite all of Dorothea’s good properties she is always viewed in comparison with her sister Celia. Celia’s wit and â€Å"common sense† seemed more normal than Dorothea’s. Hence people were often suspicious of Dorothea. This is also due to the fact that Dorothea’s strong willed personality leads her to diverge from the common ideas of marriage that others have tried to inflict on her, such as marrying an older man. Dorothea is clearly an independent woman that seeks a man with strong values. She does not want a marriage with â€Å"good looks, vanity, and merely canine affection.† What Dorothea wants is a marriage with substance and love. Dorothea is always trying to help others in her town and wherever she goes. Her presence is described as her big brown eyes in comparison with her simpler sister. George Eliot’s perception in the novel is conveyed from the point of view of a woman writing about a woman. George Eliot clearly prefers the character of Dorothea describing her as a much more beautiful, intelligent and all round good person in the book as opposed to her sister. He uses compound sentences within the structure to convey this. Eliot doesn’t fail to use this technique to portray the elaborate Dorothea. The author highlights Dorothea’s unwillingness to compromise with the world through humor, and in doing so reveals Dorothea’s naivety. This can be understood when Eliot writes â€Å"riding was an indulgence which she allowed herself in spite of conscientious qualms,† Which was started to stress Dorothea’s unconventional methods and attitude to a simpler minded individual. Even though Dorothea is the main character in the novel, Eliot seems to be very interested in her fate whilst she makes fun of her character and the rest of the world. It seems as if Eliot is also trying to persuade the readers of the book to be fond of Dorothea. This turns out to be successful, even though she is a dull character, Dorothea compensates for her lack in ingenuity thanks to her fellow residents of Middlemarch and her ability to overlook the ordinary and her authenticity, when she is her greatest enemy. This gives readers a positive reflective view of Dorothea’s character. Middlemarch is a small town that has been chosen for the main setting of the novel (hence the title). Middlemarch is a fairly typical story, which consists of a character in a small town that creates a plot out of a young woman’s life, and not following a character around throughout the book. Middlemarch is a small town, which is strikingly similar to the town where Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen takes place. The two novels have similar properties as well, in terms of marriage. In the end it seems that Middlemarch took points and values out of the novel Pride and Prejudice as it was written afterwards. Due to the kinds of mentality these small towns in the 19th century hold in novels, we can see that Dorothea will most likely choose the wrong husband. However, the realization of her mistake in marring the man she chose would allow her to mature and become more sensible, and with her new point of view she will be able to lead her life in a more mature manner. In conclusion, we can see that George Eliot’s main focus in the novel Middlemarch is to portray women in context of a rural society, and their views on marriage. She uses marriage to show woman’s position in society during that century in such a small rural town. Dorothea is a exceptionally beautiful woman which has â€Å"childlike ideas about marriage† and is the main focus of the story which contrasts from her sister. This also shows what would happen when a woman in that century had different views on a topic such as marriage. This passage from Middlemarch, which was previously compared to Pride and Prejudice, confronts the way society reacts towards Dorothea and portrays the themes of marriage and feminism, in both cases from a female point of view

Catherine Malasa Essay

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study areas such as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.  Because psychology is new a social science, it attempts to investigate the causes of behavior using systematic and objective procedures for observation, measurement and analysis, backed-up by theoretical interpretations, generalizations, explanations and predictions Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors[1] with the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases,[3][4] and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Question: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Answer: Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, acquire knowledge, perceive, learn, remember or store information and then apply it. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. Cognitive psychology studies in areas of research such as, Perception, attention, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, memory, learning, language, and emotion are areas of research. Classical cognitive psychology is associated with a school of thought known as cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of mental function, informed by functionalism and experimental psychology. On a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise of cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, researchers in artificial intelligence, linguists, human–computer interaction, computational neuroscience, logicians and social scientists. Computational models are sometimes used to simulate phenomena of interest. Computational models provide a tool for studying the functional organization of the mind whereas neuroscience provides measures of brain activity. The core focus of cognitive psychology is on how people acquire, process and store information. There are numerous practical applications for cognitive research, such as improving memory, increasing decision-making accuracy and structuring educational curricula to enhance learning. Until the 1950s, behaviorism was the dominant school of thought in psychology. Between 1950 and 1970, the tide began to shift against behavioral psychology to focus on topics such as attention, memory and problem-solving. Often referred to as the cognitive revolution, this period generated considerable research on topics including processing models, cognitive research methods and the first use of the term â€Å"cognitive psychology. The term â€Å"cognitive psychology† was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves â€Å"all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations†¦ Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a ognitive phenomenon. † Noam Chomsky helped to launch a â€Å"cognitive revolution† in psychology when he criticized the behaviorists’ notions of â€Å"stimulus†, â€Å"response†, and â€Å"reinforcement†. Chomsky argued that such ideas—which Skinner had borrowed from animal experiments in the laboratory—could be applied to complex human behavior, most notably language acquisition, in only a superficial and vague manner. The postulation that humans are born with the instinct or â€Å"innate facility† for acquiring lan [pic] [pic] The Muller-Lyer illusion. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions. helped to renew interest and belief in the mental states and representations—i. e. , the cognition—that had fallen out of favor with behaviorists. English neuroscientist Charles Sherrington and Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena with the structure and function of the brain. With the rise of computer science and artificial intelligence, analogies were drawn between the processing of information by humans and information processing by machines. Research in cognition had proven practical since World War II, when it aided in the understanding of weapons operation. [47] By the late 20th century, though, cognitivism had become the dominant paradigm of psychology, and cognitive psychology emerged as a popular branch. Assuming both that the covert mind should be studied, and that the scientific method should be used to study it, cognitive psychologists set such concepts as subliminal processing and implicit memory in place of the psychoanalytic unconscious mind or the behavioristic contingency-shaped behaviors. Elements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form the basis of cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist Albert Ellis and American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. Cognitive psychology was subsumed along with other disciplines, such as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience, under the cover discipline of cognitive science. Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. The core focus of cognitive psychology is on how people acquire, process and store information. There are numerous practical applications for cognitive research, such as improving memory, increasing decision-making accuracy and structuring educational curricula to enhance learning. Until the 1950s, behaviorism was the dominant school of thought in psychology. Between 1950 and 1970, the tide began to shift against behavioral psychology to focus on topics such as attention, memory and problem-solving. Often referred to as the cognitive revolution, this period generated considerable research on topics including processing models, cognitive research methods and the first use of the term â€Å"cognitive psychology. † The term â€Å"cognitive psychology† was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves â€Å"all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations†¦ Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon. † How is Cognitive Psychology Different? †¢ Unlike behaviorism, which focuses only on observable behaviors, cognitive psychology is concerned with internal mental states. Unlike psychoanalysis, which relies heavily on subjective perceptions, cognitive psychology uses scientific research methods to study mental processes. Who Should Study Cognitive Psychology? Because cognitive psychology touches on many other disciplines, this branch of psychology is frequently studied by people in a number of different fields. The following are just a few of those who may benefit from studying cognitive psychology a web site that should be useful if you are studying psychology †¢ PsychBLOG †¢ Course Content †¢ Themes †¢ Investigations Core Studies †¢ Home Top of Form [pic][pic][pic][pic] Bottom of Form Search Holah Top of Form [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic] Bottom of Form [pic]Core Studies †¢ Cognitive Psychology †¢ Developmental Psychology †¢ Individual Differences †¢ Physiological Psychology †¢ Social Psychology Exam Help †¢ Course Structure †¢ Exam Questions †¢ Exam Technique A Bit More Stuff †¢ About †¢ Links †¢ Further Reading [pic][pic] [pic][pic]Home ;gt; Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology masters in psychology Cognitive psychology studies our mental processes or cognitions. These mental processes that cognitive psychologists focus on include memory, perception, thinking and language. The main assumption of the cognitive approach is that information received from our senses is processed by the brain and that this processing directs how we behave or at least justifies how we behave the way that we do. Cognitive processes are examples of hypothetical constructs. That is, we cannot directly see processes such as thinking but we can infer what a person is thinking based on how they act. Cognitive psychology has been influenced by developments in computer science and analogies are often made between how a computer works and how we process information. Based on this computer analogy cognitive psychology is interested in how the brain inputs, stores and outputs information. However we are much more sophisticated than computer systems and an important criticism directed at the cognitive approach is that it often ignores the way in which other factors, such as past experiences and culture influence how we process information. Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) study of eyewitness testimony demonstrates how the cognitive process of memory can be distorted by other information supplied after an event. This highlights that memory is not merely a tape recording but is a dynamic process which can be influenced by many events such as leading questions. The study also shows that memory is a dynamic process and changes to make sense of experiences. When we behave in a particular way towards another person it is likely that we attempt to understand how the other person is thinking and feeling. Baron-Cohen’s (1997) study shows that our behaviour can be influenced by a cognitive process called a theory of mind. Having a theory of mind enables a person to appreciate that other people have thoughts and beliefs that are different from their own. Baron-Cohen’s study attempts to demonstrate that the central deficit of autism is a failure to fully develop this cognitive process of a theory of mind. It has been argued that humans are unique in possessing the ability to communicate with language which involves very sophisticated cognitive skills. However this argument is challenged by the study from Savage-Rumbaugh et al. (1986) who studied the language capabilities in pygmy chimpanzees. A main strength of cognitive psychology is that this approach has tended to use a scientific approach through the use of laboratory experiments. A strength of using laboratory experiments is that they are high in control therefore researchers are able to establish cause and effect. For example Loftus and Palmer were able to control the age of the participants, the use of video and the location of the experiment. All participants were asked the same questions (apart from changes in the critical words), and the position of the key question in the second was randomised. Furthermore, such standardised experiments are easy to test for reliability. However, as many cognitive studies are carried out in laboratory settings they can lack ecological validity. When cognitive processes such as memory and theory of mind are studied in artificial situations it may be difficult to generalise the findings to everyday life. A further strength of the cognitive approach is the useful contributions that have arisen from this approach. For example, many modern types of therapy are based on the cognitive approach. Understanding cognitive processes allows us to help people to improve their cognitive processes such as memory and language. The Baron-Cohen et al. study enables us to better understand the behaviour of people with autism, Loftus and Palmers’ study highlights the limitations of eye-witness testimonies and the ape research may offer strategies to help children with language difficulties to develop language or to use strategies such as the lexigram system. Furthermore the cognitive approach has become the dominant approach in psychology particularly since it has become allied with neurology. The cognitive approach nowadays is often called cognitive science and is able to provide a very sophisticated understanding of how the brain processes information. A weakness of the cognitive approach relates to the validity of measuring cognitive processes. We can only infer what a person is thinking and therefore the cognitive approach relies heavily on self report measures and observation. There are a number of reasons why we have to question the validity of self report measures and observation. For example we can only infer that adults with autism have theory of mind difficulties from the results of the Eyes Task or that pygmy chimps are really using language when they communicate through a Lexigram. However, because of the developments of brain scanning techniques we are able to record the active parts of the brain more accurately nowadays and cognitive science is providing a more and more detailed description of how cognitive processes work. For example, brain scanning techniques are giving great insights about how memory works. It has been argued that a weakness of the cognitive approaches reliance on the computer analogy leads to a reductionist and mechanistic description of experiences and behaviour. Reductionism is the idea that complex phenomena can be explained by simpler things. The cognitive approach often takes this narrow focus and ignores social and emotional factors which may impact on cognition. For example, the autism study investigated just one central cognitive deficit as an explanation for autism. However the reductionist approach does have strengths. An advantage of the reductionist view is that by breaking down a phenomenon to its constituent parts it may be possible to understand the whole. This type of single mindedness has lead to some great discoveries in psychology as it has in the ‘natural’ sciences.

Integrated Logistics Core Process Redesign Case Study

Integrated Logistics Core Process Redesign - Case Study Example Siemens ROLM management was willing to benchmark its processes with other Giant corporations. They aimed at restructuring the whole company. This was a difficult project since it involved radical changes. The management awareness was a critical enabler to ensure that the re-engineering process was a success. This awareness was a process from the beginning of the project to when the company began to yield substantial profits. The process begins when the management recognizes the need to adopt the change to improve the operations of the enterprise. At his time the management knowledge and understanding is minimal. With time the management understanding shifts to another level where they understand the business process idea and how they can effectively adapt and bring change within the company. After the management has adopted the process, they clearly identify the company’s vision and then have a different view of the processes not as a project but a way to run the business (Sto ddard and Jarvenpaa, 1995). According to the case, the integrated logistics core process-reengineering program instigated in August 1992. This logistic was viewed as a cycle from the initiation until when the equipment was operational. The customer focus is another important enabler that Siemens ROLM focused on. At the beginning of the re-engineering process, the employees are uncertain of how to meet the customer needs. This is due to the change of products they are offering to their customers this tends to be difficult to determine the needs of new customers in the market. The employees also realize their aim top deliver extraordinary products and also realize that customers demand uniform excellence in the product quality. They later build up a relationship with the trading partners to meet the needs of the final customers. According to the case, ROLM had the reputation on focusing on its customers at whatever cost.

Create a Unit of instruction (UBD) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Create a Unit of instruction (UBD) - Assignment Example Therefore, the primary unit of this curriculum is intended to develop an organized approach in order to promote nutritional aspects along with different physical educational activities which ensure to develop children’s health. In order to precisely and most apparently highlight the major factors in terms of promoting nutritional and physical development of the children, the different areas of this report would be assessed in accordance with the guidelines of Understanding by Design (UbD) approach. The nutrition and physical activity curriculum incorporates the following stages: Significance of nutrition and physical activity and their role for developing children health Comprehensive health and physical education need as per the standards of NJCCCS (New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards) for promoting good health for the children Identify the desired results in terms of learner outcomes and goals Create â€Å"essential questions† that will focus upon the work co ncerning the key concepts, themes, issues and problems of the topic Design effective assessment plan in accordance with the promotion of good health for the children Design effective learning experience or course which can enable the child care settings (parental and institutional) to equip the students with skills, proficiency, knowledge as well as understanding. b. State the Appropriate NJCCCS it Addresses The New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards (NJCCCS) can be duly considered as one of the major frameworks for educating a child relating to the development which has been formed by the New Jersey State Board of Education during the year 1996. The NJCCCS framework tends to incorporate adequate guidelines and principles that apparently define the major learning process for the students to accomplish desired education or the learning outcome (State of New Jersey Department of Education, n.d.). The guiding principles underneath the NJCCCS address various aspects towards improv ing the curriculum in terms of developing child educational settings. Additionally, the principles of this framework also tend to incorporate adequate measures associated with promoting good health and wellbeing of each student within different educational institutions. In this regard, nutrition and physical activity is also a major consideration of the NJCCCS framework which highly focuses on improving the dietary and physical education for each child within any educational, healthcare and parental settings. Furthermore, the framework also ensures to streamline the practices concerning the wellness and good health of the students within the educational settings and confirms to develop physical, psychological as well as educational growth of each child (The State of New Jersey, n.d.). c. Identify the Desired Results in terms of the Learner Outcomes and Goals Identifying desired results can be regarded as one of the primary and initial stages of UbD approach ensuring to efficiently u nderstand the students regarding the significance of nutrition and physical activities. In this context, the identification of desired results in terms of learner outcomes and goals has been explained in the following discussion. Established Goals The essential factors concerning nutrition and physical education for the children will be focused in terms of clearly identifying the desired results of the unit. Therefore, in the major stage of designing the unit, certain realistic goals in accordance with the NJCCCS

Public Order Legislation and Fundamental Rights Essay

Public Order Legislation and Fundamental Rights - Essay Example Public protests are generally encompassed within the framework of the right to free expression and free association which is an essential part of a democracy. However the European Convention of Human Rights also includes among its umbrella of rights guaranteed to people, the right to such freedom of speech and association which may also include the freedom to protest6. But this right to public assembly is not one of the fundamental rights, such as that of the right to life or the right against torture7, therefore these rights may be regulated to some extent by the Government through the police in the interest of maintaining law and order. But how far can policing be extended? While these rights may certainly be regulated, they cannot be obstructed and developments that have been occurring within the UK for the past two decades appear to point in that direction. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994:Public protest has been a part of UK history, but has not been construed t o be criminal without due cause. The Public Order Act of 1986 had introduced some restrictions on public gatherings, camping and other activities, however these provisions as extended into the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994 to cope with criminal and terrorist elements, has resulted in a wider range of activities being construed as criminal offences.Specific provisions that are of interest in the case of public order are from section 619 up to sections 77-80 that even deal with the traveling community

Divorce rate throughout the world, causes of, disadvantages and Essay

Divorce rate throughout the world, causes of, disadvantages and advantages of - Essay Example Some people think that cohabitation which can be loosely described as an act of indulging in sexual intercourse between two people leads to a lasting relationship. Various sociological researches have indicated that there are dangers such as divorce likely to be encountered by couples who cohabitate before they get married or those who cohabitate with multiple partners. Some couples use sex as a way of measuring if true love exists between them but chances of divorce are very high since there will be no commitment to each other among these people (Champlin, 2003). Sociological researches have shown that cohabitors before marriage report low satisfaction with their marriages that non cohabitors. About 50 % of cohabitors often experience conflicts which often lead to bitter divorces (Champlin, 2003). The rate of divorce is higher among the young couples compared to adult people as a result of the fact that young people in particular expect more from each other (Seiler, 2002). Instead of communicating and settling differences in an amicable way, some people tend to use violence to subdue their partners. Thus, lack of intimacy and communication characterised by violence between a couple can lead to divorce (Wynne & Wynne, 1986). Research has shown that chances of child abuse are very high among couples who have divorced than those still living together. According to Champlin (2003), children belonging to divorced parents often experience cases of child abuse more than those living with both parents. Divorced couples often find it difficult to relate with close relatives. Some of the people are bitter such that they find it difficult to fit in the society. This bitterness negatively impacts on their welfare since they may end up living solitary life (Weinberger, Hofstein, & Whitbourne, 2009). In certain circumstances, divorce is the best solution to couples who always engage in bitter and often violent conflicts. This

Kurds and they are Stateless Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kurds and they are Stateless Nation - Essay Example This final element of independence or sovereignty is definitive of the modern conception of a state and makes the ultimate difference between being a state and being stateless. It is a common misconception to regard a nation and a state as synonymous but this is a product of a statist bias which gives partiality to recognized states over stateless nations including national minorities. There must be recognition of the presence of a plurality of states in relation to â€Å"stateless nations and their diaspora† (Baubock 310). The stability of states is an important aspect in ensuring the peace and order within a nation. The history of a state must be well-defined and transcend the co-existing history of certain regimes. This will provide for a thorough grasp to differentiate regimes from the actual state. Boundaries are equally susceptible in determining stability as those in power are usually the ones who impose themselves to take over public office. Support from the internatio nal community is necessary in order to preserve territorial integrity. Frequently, it is those states recognized in international affairs that enjoy support from other nations (Meadwell 273). The reality of the existence of substates that configure the entire dimension of understanding what a state is has been around for many generations. Most have been cultivated and subsisted for generations that dates back even prior to the establishment of the state as recognized in international world affairs. The comprehension of nationalism and belongingness cannot be delineated to a clear sense of limiting nationality to the constrictive term as defined by the United Nations in its quest to avoid statelessness. This was extensively discussed by the body of nations through the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) to tackle the problems that are encountered by refugees in conflicted areas (Balaton-Chrimes 2). But this concentrates on a more personal level through a discourse in the dilemmas encountered by individuals because of their condition as stateless. In a broader sense, nationalism entails a certain degree of belongingness and a commonality in culture and identity that simply declaring one to be a citizen of a particular country by birth or by blood does not equate to its full appreciation by the essence of what it implicates. This recognition from the international community gives the very life to the existence of the state. It also provides the creation of a country and its consequent statehood as well as affords it the capacity to partake in the international forum and exercise its rights as a nation. On the contrary, without the elements to make up a state certain groups that fundamentally comprise a state become dubbed as stateless for comparative purposes. These groups of people who generally have a stake in a particular territorial portion and with accompanying leaders lack sovereignty because they have no independence and are often assimilat ed in recognized states. This is where the Kurds as a stateless nation has been enduring their status as a massive group of people moving toward the elusive autonomy that they have been elusively seeking for decades and had made them among the most pronounced stateless nation in the world. The Kurds have been

Introduction to fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Introduction to fiction - Essay Example Whilst searching for symbolism in the story, I cam across a few points like, â€Å"It was large enough so that it didn’t seem fragile, or particularly vulnerable if anyone sideswiped the table or Mondo blundered into it during play. She asked her husband to please not drop his house key in it. It was meant to be empty† (207). This excerpt primarily describes the fact that her husband, Andrea’s, was someone was not part of the bowl theory and could not identify with the symbol. When mentioning that she had bought the bowl at a craft fair in secret with her lover, it further signifies that she has been looking for her lost love and continuing affairs with him through the bowl. She must have not acted quickly enough to seize the moment with her lover, hence the line, â€Å"Her lover had said that she was always too slow to know what she really loved† (209). Through this we get the impression that perhaps she was too obsessed with the bowl to continue on with her affair. At one point it is shared that she even â€Å"†¦dreamed of the bowl. Twice in a waking dream-early in the morning, between sleep and the last nap before rising-she had a clear vision of it† (208). The bowl represented her affair and eventually it would be the bowl that ends her marriage. When looking back on the story, it opens with â€Å"The bowl was perfect† (206). Andrea feels like she made a mistake not admitting her affair and starting a life with her lover; therefore she loves the bowl as if it were her ex-lover and obsesses over it because to her, it is all she has left of him. She explains her guilt in this manner, â€Å"Sometimes in the morning, she would look at him (her husband) and feel guilty that she had such a constant secret† (208). She is continuing her affair through the bowl and is still having feelings of guilt. This further signifies her inertia with her ex-lover and clings on to the bowl in memory

Late Travel company (LT) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Late Travel company (LT) - Research Paper Example DBMS uses various models including relational model. DBMS utilizes query language to get information. A query language can analyze and update data. It takes care of the security of the database. Unauthorized users are prevented from viewing, updating etc of the database. Modeling language, query language, data structure and transaction mechanism are the main parts of DBMS.With the help of 'Data Manipulation' subsystem the user can add, delete or change information in a database. Relational Databases are so popular in that they are the absolute choice for storage of financial records, logistical information, manufacturing in formation, personal information etc. The software is Relational Database Management System. (RDMS) Constraint restricts the domain of an attribute and also the data to be stored in relations. . SQL makes use of 'check constraints'. There are also domain constraints as every attribute has a related domain. , Normalization is an integral part of relational model. It checks duplication of data and simultaneously loss of data integrity. The Relational Model has three parts. Structures are objects which store the data. Data has to remain the same during all the operations. It should not get disturbed during transfer, storage and retrieval. Data Integrity takes care that the data will always be consistent, correct and accessible. It remains faithful to its source. Referential integrity is the mos... It checks duplication of data and simultaneously loss of data integrity. The Relational Model has three parts. Structures are objects which store the data. Operations manipulate the structure and the data it contains. They follow a set of rules. Integrity rules decide the operations on the data and structure. In fact it protects both. Data has to remain the same during all the operations. It should not get disturbed during transfer, storage and retrieval. Data Integrity takes care that the data will always be consistent, correct and accessible. It remains faithful to its source. However in the internet, the data is broken into packets, before being transferred. Data integrity ensures that, even then the data is put back to shape and recovered. Data integrity can be disturbed by malfunctioning of hardware, attack of software applications by viruses. Human error in data entry is another cause. Referential integrity is the most common. In this, the errors in the relationship between a foreign key and primary key are avoided. Proper use of integrity constraints will prevent end user from writing invalid matters. Also unauthorized persons cannot alter the data. 'Server enforced data integrity' is the most dependable data integrity. RDBMS is considered the authority to accept or reject data. Normalize: It is advisable to normalize the database while designing a relational database. Normalizing to 'Third Normal Form' is always recommended. It means, the attributes in each table should depend on the key. Normalization takes care that errors in data input at are reduced. It removes excess data from records. Data model is an integrated collection of concepts for describing relationship between various data, constraints on

Comparing Classic Folktales Essay Example for Free

Comparing Classic Folktales Essay Before reading and writing were common practice; history was told in the form of legend; fiction was told in the form of myth; and lessons about life were taught to children through folktales and fables. Folktales not only served a role in teaching children, but often helped define the common themes of life in general for that particular culture. Most folktales have a specific message which they try to portray through symbolism, writing style, and plot. Many folktales from different cultures are very similar and present the same main ideas and messages. Today folktales are popular mostly as a way of teaching morals and life lessons. They are often compilations, or illustrated books made for children. Two popular folktales that are very similar are, Frans Timmerman’s, â€Å"The Frog and the Fox† and a story we all know, originally from the book, Aesop’s Fables, â€Å"The Tortoise and the Hare†. In the folktale, â€Å"The Tortoise and the Hare† Aesop masterfully demonstrates what we all consider to be a classic folktale. The story begins with a hare who makes boastful claims about how swift he is, and how no animals could run faster than he could. The hare teases a tortoise for his slowness; the tortoise, annoyed by the hare’s claims, agrees to a race that they plan the next day. The next morning the hare comes to the race half asleep and unprepared. Hare sees how slow tortoise is and decides to take a nap. When he awakes, he notices tortoise is only one third of the way through the course, and decides to have a quick breakfast. The meal made hare sleepy and seeing tortoise was not yet half done with the course, hare decided to take another quick nap. The hare oversleeps and tortoise wins the race against the boastful, overconfident hare. Aesop’s story can be related to by people all over the world and many cultures have adopted the story. Today it is pu blished in over thirty languages, and sells in bookstores worldwide. A lesser known American writer named Frans Timmerman has a remarkably similar story that was published in 1911. The story is about a frog, he is in the jungle minding his own business when a fox passes by. The fox makes fun of the frog because he is such a strange specimen; she asks how frog is able to move about with one long pair of legs, and one short one. The fox is very amused when frog tells her that he is the fastest frog in the whole jungle. The fox is almost insulted when frog thinks he can beat her in a race, and begins to boast about her speed and running skills. They plan to have the race the next day, and set up a course through the jungle. The next day the frog and the fox meet with a friend, duck, and get ready to race. When the race begins frog jumps onto the tail of fox and holds on while fox sprints as fast as she can. Fox does not notice the small frog on her tail and already believes she has won the race. As fox approaches the finish line, frog makes a mighty leap onto her back, and then across the finish line, just before fox makes it across. Fox says frog didn’t win but duck, as the referee, claims frog to be the winner as he had barely passed the finish line first. At the end fox accepts that she was outsmarted and realizes that her overconfidence was the root of her downfall. This story is not identical to the story in Aesop’s Fables, but has many of the same characteristics, as well as a similar overall message and symbolic meaning. Historians agree that Aesop’s Fables was written around 500 B.C. by a slave living in Greece. It was originally written in Greek; European versions were not printed until the early 1800’s. English versions were printed in the 1900’s, and it is likely this book was at least one inspiration to Frans Timmerman’s work. Timmerman’s book was released in 1911 just a few short years after English prints of Aesop’s Fables were available in the United States. Each story shares similar characteristics in plot, style, technique, and symbolism, but there are also more superficial similarities and differences. In both stories the authors choose to use animals as a form of symbolism to tell their story. Animals are commonly used as characters in folktale; however, the animals each author decides to use are very specific. Each author chooses animals that have traits and characteristics that are familiar to most people, regardless of age or education level. In Aesop’s folktale the animals used are a tortoise and a hare. In Timmerman’s story the animals used are a frog and a fox. When people think of a tortoise they generally have images of a very slow moving land creature. Similarly Timmerman’s character frog brings thoughts of a water dwelling species, clumsy and slow on land. The same idea spreads to the fox and the hare; both are considered to be quick and cunning species and the authors use them in this light. It is likely these animals were common where each story was written. These animals also share similar more transparent symbolic meaning. Although time, and simple cultural differences likely led to the different characters and context of the stories, they still share many similar traits in there symbolism and morals. Because the symbolism is easily identified, and the message is easily related to, nearly all people can apply this story to life. It is easy to see how nearly every culture has embraced a version of this story, or come up with a similar version of their own. Today Aesop’s Fables is printed in 31 languages. The tortoise is symbolic in Aesop’s story for a wise, slow moving, dedicated creature. He uses the tortoise to help portray the message that â€Å"slow and steady† can persevere over an overconfident, boastful opponent. Likewise, Timmerman chooses to use a frog, which sometimes symbolizes the same things as the tortoise in folktales and fables. A frog additionally represents transformation. The frog is shown in his story to be very intelligent and the message is that you can overcome a problem even when the odds are against you if you use your head. By using his intelligence he defeats the overconfident, boastful opponent. Timmerman decides to use a fox in his story as a quick, overconfident, somewhat ignorant character. He portrays the fox in this way as a symbol for this type of person, whom everyone has encountered at some point in their lives. Aesop similarly chooses a hare and uses the same technique of making the hare somewhat ignorant and cocky. Using this writing style effectively makes the fox and the hare the antagonist in the story without specifically portraying them as a â€Å"bad guy†. They further this technique by having these characters use condescending dialogue in the beginning of the story. Despite the two authors cultural differences, the human qualities of the characters are nearly portrayed identically. The writing style, and technique used by the authors helps us to identify with the characters. It also helps us identify personally with the plot. Both stories have plots that follow the same basic ideas. One animal is different physically from another, so naturally that animal thinks that he is superior the superior creature. They use animals that everyone would consider to be the obvious winners and losers in a race. They portray the animals in a unique way that gives them human qualities that we are familiar with. The underdog is considered the protagonist in these fables and both authors portray them as likely losers in a physical challenge. However, as the story unfolds the obvious winners change due to the negative human qualities the antagonists possess. The messages of the stories are both related to perseverance, and that sometimes being conceded and boastful about your skills can end in disaster. There is also the message that one should not judge others simply by how they look. There are many other interpretations of this story as well, and this just scratches the surface of the symbolism in the two folktales. The messages of the two stories are values that everyone can apply to their daily lives. When the stories reach their conclusions the readers are left with many options on how they choose to interpret the message. The theme of both stories are the same, however the differences allow them to be interpreted many ways. It is mostly agreed upon by literature experts that the message in â€Å"The Tortoise and the Hare† is that slow and steady wins the race, and taking your time to do things right the first time is worth it. The message in â€Å"The Fox and the Frog† the message is that it is sometimes better to work smarter, not harder. Both stories share the message that judging others by their appearance is not an intelligent thing to do. They also share the idea that being boastful and conceded can end in embarrassment.